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Iatrogène
: Qualifie un traitement
ou un médicament qui
engendre de nouveaux symptômes
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Iatrogenic.
TWEMLOW, S.W. & GABBARD, G.O. (1981). Iatrogenic
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Ici
et maintenant : Principe de base et maxime de de la thérape
gestalt, ainsi que de certaines formes d'humanisme,
qui mettent l'accent sur l'importance de l'état
psychologique présent du patient, tant émotif que cognitif, par
opposition à l'effort de reconstruction d'un passé lointain
(l'enfance) indispensable à la guérison
selon la
psychanalyse. = moment présent. /en
tout monde, en tout temps.Here and now.
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Ictus
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Transient global
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Idéal : Idéaux
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d'individus considère comme la perfection
et, en conséquence, ce qu'il faut donc absolument faire ou
entrprendre pour atteindre cet objectif
de perfection.
Idéal
du moi : Dans la théorie
de la personnalité de Freud,
conception du bien, de ce que l'individu voudrait égaler ou
devenir. L'idéal du moi de l'enfant se construit par identification
à l'idéal du moi de ses parents (valeur, conception du bien et du
mal, etc.). L'idéal du moi tend vers la perfection (morale,
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Ego
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Idée
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carrément fausse. Contrairement au mythe,
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les idées fausses, même les plus tenaces, finissent par
disparaître ou être corrigées. Idée fause, biaisetmythe.=idée erronée, idée reçue.
/données
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Idée
principale/secondaire : Dans un texte,
distinction faite par l'auteur entre l'esrrsentiel du sujet et ses
éléments superflus ou les idées
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idea.
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Identification
: Le terme a plusieurs acceptions : a)
Au sens strict, il s'agit du résultat de l'opération qui consiste
à identifier une chose. On dit aussi nommer
ou catégoriser (catégorisation). b) En psychanalyse,
processus par lequel un sujet assimile ou fait sien un aspect ou
un comportement de
l'autre et se transforme totalement ou partiellement, sur le
modèle de l'autre. c) Finalement, pour Kelman,
il s'agit de l'un des trois processus du changement des attitudes
et du conformiste.
Identification etgroupe
d'identificaction.Identification.
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Identification
des suspects (Parade) :
Face identification.
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proposée par Klein.Projective
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Identifier : Identité : Identification : consiste à déterminer l'existence et la
nature d'un objet (son
identité). Cette nature comporte essentiellement deux dimensions :
1) l'objet occupe un espace à un moment donné
(propriété spatio-temporelle); 2) l'objet
possède un certain nombre de caractéristiques et de propriétés
physiques. Cet ensemble de caractéristiques/propriétés
inaltérables (ou essentielles) d'une entité (individu, groupe,
société) qui la définissent (c'est moi/c'est nous) et la
distinguent des autres (c'est lui/c'est eux). Ces caractéristiques
peuvent être objectives
(propriété) ou subjectives (caractéristique attribuée
ou auto-attribuée). EX: Je suis une cégépienne
d'origine algérienne (propriétés objectives) et je vis dans un
quartier du nord de la ville en 2015 (propriété objective) que les
gens trouvent d'ailleurs plutôt tranquille (caractéristique
attribuée, par soi ou par autrui). Tous les objets peuvent être
(potentiellement) identifiés, mais seul les objets qui
s'attribuent des caractéristiques (les humains, individuellement
ou collectivement) ont une identité sociale. En principe, deux
choses égales en toutes choses ne font qu'une chose; elles sont
identiques. Identité et singularité.
Identity.
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Identique : Qualifie l'absence de différence entre deux choses.
En principe, deux choses égales en toutes choses ne font qu'une
chose; elles sont identiques. /différence.
Identité culturelle : Ce que les individus
qui s'identifient à une culturecroient être, même s'ils
ne le révélent pas publiquement, ou même si ce qu'il disent
d'eux-mêmes ne correspond pas à la "réalité sociale".
= identité ethno-culturelle. Social
identity, racial identity.
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Identité
de groupe : Ce que les individus
qui font parti d'un groupe
croit être («'est nous»), même s'ils ne le révèlent pas
publiquement (ou même si ce qu'il disent d'eux-mêmes ne correspond
pas toujour à la réalité) et même si les «autres» ne sont pas
d'accord avec cette conception du «nous». Identité de groupe, racismeetgroupe
endogène.= identité collective,
nous.
Group identity.
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Moratorium-achievement (MAMA) cycles in life-span identity
development : Value orientations and reasoning systems
correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 283-300.
Identité
ethnique : Ce que les individus
qui s'identifie à un groupe
défini par son ethnie croit
être («'est nous»), même s'ils ne le révèlent pas publiquement (ou
même si ce qu'il disent d'eux-mêmes ne correspond pas à la
réalité) et même si les «autres» ne sont pas d'accord avec cette
conception du «nous». = perception de
groupe, nous.
Ethnic identity, racial
identity.
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soi, identité individuelle. *identité
collective. ( ): Voir tableau ci-bas.
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cette catégorie subjective qu'est la race.
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acquérir le sentiment
(je me sens un x ) et la conviction
intime (je crois être un x) d'être un garçon ou une fille; 2)
apprendre les comportements
(= rôles) , qui dans
chaque culture, sont propres à son genre;
3) choisir un
partenaire sexuel masculin ou féminin. Identité sexuelle,
trouble de l'dentité sexuelleetgenre.= identité sexuée, identité de genre,
schéma de genre. ( ): Voir tableau
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Idéologie (Spectre) :Continuum qui présente les variations des idéologies. = continuum idéologique, variation des idées.
Ideological spectrum.
Pôle
États intermédiaires de l'idéologie politique
Pôle
Révolutionnaire
Progressisme
Libéralisme/Social-démocratie
Conservatisme
Réactionnaire
Changement de l'état
Statu quo
Retour à l'état antérieur/Statu quo ante
Changement imposé
Changement proposé
Statut quo discuté
Retour proposé
Retour imposé
Usage de la violence/menace de... = Oui
Usage de la violence = Non
Usage de la violence/menace de... = Oui
Idiosyncrasie
: Du grec idios qui signifie «qui a un
tempérament particulier», syn qui veut dire «avec» et ratos
qui signifie «vigueur». Caractéristique propre de la personnalité
ou du comportement
d'un individu en particulier. Ces caractéristiques, qui
rendent parfois l'individu imprévisible ou anormal (on dit aussi
excentrique), échappent souvent aux théories en vigueur dans un
domaine, théories qui, elles, reposent sur l'observation de
régularités. Idiosyncrasie etscience
idiosyncratique.= singularité,
particularité. /nomothétique,
régularité, généralité, loi.Idiosyncratic.
RUSHTON, J.P., JACKSON, D.N. & PAUNONEN, S.V. (1981).
Personality : Nomothtic or idiographic ? A response to
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perspectives in behavioral assessment. In R.O. Nelson
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IEDEMA, J. & POPPE, M. (1994). The effect of
self-presentation on social value orientation.
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IEDEMA, J. & POPPE, M. (1995). Perceived consensus of
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populations. Personality & Social Psychology
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IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks : Revue
scientifique multidisciplinaire qui consacre ses pages à la cybernétique.
SUN, R. (1994). A neural network model of causality. IEEE
Transactions on Neural Networks, 5 (4), 604-611.
[PDF]
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man & Cybernetics :Revue scientifique
multidisciplinaire qui consacre ses pages à la cybernétique.
BICKLE, J. (2006). Ruthless reductionism in recent
neuroscience. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man
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Ignorance : Ignorer
: Ce qu'on ne sait pas ou ce qu'on a pas conscience
d'ignorer.
Ignorance.
GLUCKSBERG, S. & McCLOSKEY, M. (1981). Decisions about
ignorance : Knowing that you don't know. Journal of
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PUSHKARSKYAYA, H., LIU, X., SMITHSON, M. & JOSEPH,
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Ignorance
pluraliste : Sous-groupe d'invidividus qui croient
avoir des idées, des croyances ou des valeurs différentes du reste
du groupe. En dépit du rejet de la norme du groupe, ce sous-groupe
agit en conformité avec celle-ci, donnant ainsi à penser que la
dissidence est nulle. Pluralistic ignorance.
MILLER, D.T. & McFARLAND, C. (1987). Pluralistic
ignorance : When similarity is interpreted as
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Ignorance
stratégique : Feindre de ne pas savoir ce que l'on est
censé connaître; dissimuler volontairement une information.
EX: Certains étudiants se gardent de répondre aux
questions du professeur par crainte d'être qualifiés de "bol" par
les autres étudiants de la classe.
Strategic
ignorance.
CARRILLO, J. & MARIOTTI, T. (2000). Strategic
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Ile
(Seule sur une...) :Expérience
mentale qui consiste à se demander ce qui existe chez l'humain
en l'absence des autres (société).
Iguane (Iguana iguana)
:Animal
de la classe des reptiles.
= Iggy.
Iguana.
BURGHARDT, G.M. (1977). Of iguanas and dinosaurs : Social
behavior and communication in neonate reptiles. American
Zoologist, 17, 177-190.
BURGHARDT, G.M., GREENE, H.W. & RAND, A.S. (1977).
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A.S. (1978). Predation and the defensive behavior of green
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(1981). Interactions between nesting crocodiles and
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Illich
Ivan (Vienne 1926-2002 Brême allemagne) :Philosophe et libre
penseur autrichien. On lui doit le concept de contre-productivité.
ILLICH, I. (1971). Libérer l'avenir. Seuil :
Paris.
ILLICH, I. (1971). Deschooling Society / Une société
sans école. Paris : Seuil.
ILLICH, I. (1973). Tools for conviviality / La
Convivialité. Paris : Seuil.
ILLICH, I. (1973). Energy and equity / Énergie et
équité. Paris : Seuil.
ILLICH, I. (1975). Némésis médicale / Medical nemesis.
Paris : Seuil.
Illusion : Le terme a deux significations
voisines : a) Au sens strict, ce qui paraît
vrai, mais s'avère en réalité faux, donc de nature à tromper les sens.( ): illusion
de causalité,illusion de
contrôle,illusion de liberté.b) Tout objet
ou situation qui peut être interprété de plus d'une manière ou qui
peut entraîner une erreur de perception.
Face à une illusion, on se demande "qu'est-ce qui est vrai ?
Quelle est la réalité ? Mes sens me trompent-ils ?". Illusion etparéidolie.= illusion perceptive.
( ): Voir tableau
ci-bas.Illusion.
Albert Einstein (vu de
près) ou Marilyn Monroe (vu de loin) ?
Deux ou trois tubes ?
a
TAYLOR, S.E. & BROWN, J.D. (1988). Illusion and
well-being : A social psychological perspective on mental
health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210. [PDF]
b
DELBOEUF, J. (1865). Note sur certaines illusions
d'optique : Essai d'une théorie psychophysique de la
manière dont l'oeil apprécie les distances et les angles
[Note on certain optical illusions : Essay on a
psychophysical theory con cerning the way in which the eye
evaluates distances and angles]. Bulletins de
l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux-arts de
Belgique, 19, 195-216. [LIRE]
DEREGOWSKI, J.B. (1980). Illusions, patterns and
pictures : A cross-cultural perspective. London :
Academic Press.
DELBOEUF, J. (1865). Seconde note sur de nouvelles
illusions d'optique : Essai d'une théorie psychophysique
de la manière dont l'oeil apprécie les grandeurs. Bulletins
de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux-arts
de Belgique, 20, 70-97. [LIRE]
HALL, G.S. & BOWDITCH, H.P. (1882). Optical illusions
of motions. Journal of Physiology, 3, 297-307.
BINET, A. (1985). La mesure des illusions visuelles chez
les enfants. Revue Philosophique, 40, 11-45.
THOMPSON, P. (1980). Margaret Thatcher : a new illusion. Perception,
9, 483-484.
STRATTON, G.M. (1906). Symmetry, linear illusions and the
movements of the eye. Psychological Review, 13,
81-96.
FRASER, J. (1908). A new illusion of visual direction. British
Journal of Psychology, 2, 307-320.
LOFTUS, G.R. (1985). Size illusion, distance illusion and
terrestrial passage. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : General, 114, 121-123.
BEAN, C. (1938). The blind have "optical" illusions. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 22, 283-289.
JAEGER, T. (1986). Life-span ontogeny of the
parallel-lines illusion. Perceptual & Motor
Skills, 63 (3), 1183-1189.
RUBIN, E. (1950). Visual figures apparently incompatible
with geometry. Acta psychologica, 7, 365-387.
COREN, S. & PORAC, C. (1987). Individual differences
in visual-geometric illusions : Predictions from measures
of spatial cognitive abilities. Perception &
Psychophysic, 41 (3), 211-219. [PDF]
NYSSEN, R. & BOURDON, J. (1955). Contribution to the
study of the size-weight illusion by the method of p.
koseleff. Acta psychologica, 11, 467-474.
WENDEROTH, P. & JOHNSTONE, S. (1988). The different
mechanisms of the direct and indirect tilt illusions.
Vision Research, 28, 301-312.
PIAGET, J., VINH-BANG & MATALON, B. (1958). Note on
the law of the temporal maximum of some optico-geometrie
illusions. American Joumal of Psychology, 71,
277-282.
HAIG, N.D. (1989). A new visual illusion, and its
mechanism. Perception, 18, 333-345.
OYAMA, T. (1960). Japanese studies on the so-called
geometrical optical illusions. Psychologia, 3,
7-20.
DWYER, J., ASTON, R. & BROERSE, J. (1990). Emmert's
law in the Ames room. Perception, 9, 35-41. [PDF]
MAHEUX, M., TOWNSEND, J.C. & GRESOCK, C.J. (1960).
Geometrical factors in illusions of direction.
American Journal of Psychology, 73, 535-543.
MORGAN, M.J., HOLE, G.J. & GLENNERSTER, A. (1990).
Biases and sensitivities in geometrical illusions. Vision
Research, 30, 1793-1810.
[PDF]
HATWELL, Y. (1960). Étude de quelques illusions
géométriques tactiles chez les aveugles. L'Année
Psychologique, 60, 11-27.
PETERSON, M.A., KILHSTROM, J.F., ROSE, P.M. & GLISKY,
M.L. (1992). Mental images can be ambiguous : Reconstruals
and reference-frame reversals. Memory &
Cognition, 20 (2), 107-123.
GREGORY, R.L. (1962). Visual illusions in space. New
Scientist, 15, 446.
SUZUKI, K. & ARASHIDA, R. (1992). Geometrical haptic
illusions revisited : Haptic illusions compared with
visual illusions. Perception & Psychophysics, 52,
329-335.
PRESSEY, A.W. & PRESSEY, C.A. (1992). Attentive elds
are related to focal and contextual features : a study of
the Müller-Lyer distortions. Perception &
Psychophysics, 51, 423-436. [PDF]
GREGORY, R.L. (1964). Illusory perception as a constancy
phenomenon. Nature, 204, 302-303
KENNEDY, J.M., GREEN, C.D., NICHOLLS, A. & LIU, C.H.
(1992). Illusions and knowing what is real. Ecological
Psychology, 4, 153-172. [PDF]
OYAMA, T. (1965). Effects of color similarity on the
size-illusion of triple circles. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 20, 14.
COLVIN, C.R. & BLOCK, J. (1994). Do positive illusions
foster mental health ? An Examination of the Taylor and
Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 116,
3-20.
LUCKIESH, M. (1965). Visual illusions. New York
: Dover.
AGLIOTI, S., DESOUZA, J. & GOODALE, M. (1995).
Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand.
Current Biology, 5, 679-685.
MORGAN, M.J. & HUMPHREY, N. (1965). Constancy and the
geometric illusions. Nature, 206, 744-745.
BERNTSON, G.G., CACIOPPO, J.T. & IELDSTONE, A. (1996).
Illusions, arithmetic, and the bidirectional modulation of
vagal control of the heart. Biological Psychology, 44,
1-17. [PDF]
SEGALL, H.H., CAMPBELL, D.T. & HERSKOVITS, M.J.
(1966). The influence of culture on visual perception.
Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis.
FINEMAN, M. (1996). The nature of visual illusion.
Dover Publications.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1967). A theory of the Müller-Lyer
illusion. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 25
(2), 569-572.
PELAH, A. & BARLOW H.B. (1996). Visual illusion from
running. Nature, 381, 283
ROSS, H.E. & GREGORY, R.L. (1970). Weight illusions
and weight discrimination - a revised hypothesis. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22 (2),
318-328.
POST, R.B. & WELCH, R.B. (1996). Is there dissociation
of perceptual and motor responses to figural illusions ? Perception,
25, 569-581.
HUMPHREY, N. (1971). Contrast illusions in perspective. Nature,
232, 91-93.
GREGORY, R.L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and
illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B : Biological Sciences, 352, 1121-1128. [PDF]
PRESSEY, A.W. (1971). An extension of assimilation theory
to illusions of size, area, and direction. Perception
& Psychophysics, 9, 172-176.
BINGHAM, G.P. & PAGANO, C.C. (1998). The necessity of
a perception/action approach to definite distance
perception : Monocular distance perception to guide
reaching. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human
Perception & Performance, 24, 145-168.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1972). The assimilation theory of
geometrical illusions : additional postulate. Perception
& Psychophysics, 11 (IA), 28-30. [PDF]
ROBINSON, J.O. (1972/98). The psychology of visual
illusion. Mineola, NY : Dover.
SHAMS, L., KAMITANI, Y. & SHOMOJO, S. (2000) Illusions
: What you see is what you hear. Nature, 408,
788.
HUMPHREY, N. (1972). Les illusions visuelles. La
Recherche, 3, 631-638.
POPPLE, A.V. & LEVI, D.M. (2000). A new illusion
demonstrates long-range processing. Vision Research,
40, 2545-2549.
FRANZ, V.H. (2001). Action does not resist visual
illusions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5,
457-459.
NIHEI, Y. (1973). A preliminary study on the gemetrical
illusion of motion path : the kinetic illusion. Tohoku
Psychologica Folia, 32, 108-114.
FRANZ, V.H., FAHLE, M., BÜLTHOFF, H.H. & GEGENFURTNER,
K.R. (2001). Effects of visual illusions on grasping. Journal
of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception &
Performance, 27, 1124-1144.
IMAI, S. (1973). New illusion of square distortion. Journal
of Social Sciences & Humanities, 90, 41-42.
NINIO, J. (2001). The science of illusions.
Cornell University Press.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1974). Evidence for the role of attentive
fields in the perception of illusions. The Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26 (3),
464-471.
SHAMS, L., KAMITANI, Y. & SHOMOJO, S. (2002). Visual
illusion induced by sound. Cognitive Brain Research
14,147-152.
COREN, S., GIRGUS, J.S., EHRLICHMAN, H. & HAKSTIAN,
A.R. (1976). An empirical taxonomy of visual illusions. Perception
& Psychophysics, 20 (2), 129-137.
CAVANAGH, P. & ANTSIS, S. (2002). The boogie-woogie
illusion. Perception, 31, 100-1011. [PDF]
FRANZ, V.H. (2004). Is there a dynamic illusion effect in
the motor system ? Behavioral & Brain Sciences,
27, 34-35.
PRESSEY, A.W. & MURRAY, R. (1976). Further
developments in the assimilation theory of geometric
illusions : The adjacency principle. Perception &
Psychophysics, 19 (6), 536-544. [PDF]
FERMÜLLER, C. & MALM, H. (2004). Uncertainty in visual
processes predicts geometrical optical illusions.
Vision Research, 44, 727-749.
O'TOOLE, B. & WENDEROTH, P. (1977). The tilt illusion
: repulsion and attraction effects in the oblique
meridian. Vision Research, 17, 367-374.
WADE, N.J. (2005). Perception and illusion.
Historical perspectives. New York : Springer.
FRANZ, V.H., SCHARWOSKI, F. & GEGENFURTNER, K.R.
(2005). Illusion effects on grasping are temporally
constant, not dynamic. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : Human Perception & Performance, 31,
1359-1378.
OYAMA, T. (1977). Feature analysers, optical illusions,
and figural aftereffects. Perception, 6, 401-406.
KITAOKA, A. (2005). Trick eyes graphics. Tokyo :
Kanzen.
GOMBRICH, E.H. (1977). Art and illusion : A study in
the psychology of pictorial representation. London
: Phaidon.
FRANZ, V.H., SCHARNOWSKI, F. & GEGENFURTNER, K.R.
(2005). Illusion effects on grasping are temporally
constant not dynamic. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : Human Perception & Performance, 31
(6), 1359-1378.
[PDF]
FRANZ, V.H., HESSE, C. & KOLIATH, S. (2007). Grasping
after a delay : More ventral than dorsal ? Poster pre-
sented at the Vision Sciences Society conference (VSS),
Sarasota, Florida. Journal of Vision, 7, 157.
COREN, S. & GIRGUS, J. (1978). Seeing is deceiving
: The psychology of visual illusions. Hillsdale, NJ
: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
THALER, L., TODD, J.T., SPERING, M. & GEGENFURTNER,
K.R. (2007). Illusory bending of a rigidly moving line
segment : Effects of image motion and smooth pursuit eye
movements. Journal of Vision, 7 (6), 9, 1-13.
[PDF]
PRESSEY, A.W. & WILSON, A.E. (1978). Another look at
age changes in geometric illusions. Bulletin of the
Psychonomic Society, 12 (5), 333-336.
FRANZ, V.H. & GEGENFURTNER, K.R. (2008). visual
illusions : Consistent data and no dissociation.
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25 (7-8), 920-950. [PDF]
RANDI, J. (1978). Parapsychologie et illusionnisme : une
controverse. La Recherche, 86, 188.
JAEGER, T., LONG, S. & LANG, J. (2008). Outlined
objects in a Mach pattern create illusions : further
evidence of a frequency code for size. Perceptual
& Motor Skills 107 (1), 165-180.
COREN, S. & STERN GIRGUS, J. (1978). Seeing is
deceiving : The psychology of visual illusions.
Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
GREGORY, R.L. (2009). Seeing through illusions. Oxford
: University Press.
FRISBY, J.P. (1979). Seeing : Illusion, brain and
mind. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
MAMASSIAN, P. & de MONTALEMBERT, M. (2010). A simple
model of the vertical-horizontal illusion. Vision
Research, 50 (10), 956-962. [PDF]
O'TOOLE, B.I. (1979). The tilt illusion : length and
luminance changes of induction line and third
(disinhibiting) line. Perception & Psychophysics,
25, 487-496.
PRESSEY, A.W. (2014). Assimilation theory, attention, and
asymmetry in Müller-Lyer illusions : Quantitative
predictions. Perceptual & Motor Skills,
119, (2), 509-529.
JAEGER, T. (2014). Assimilation theory remains a guide
post for studying geometrical illusions : A tribute to
Alexander Pressey. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 119
(2), 505-508.
LE NY, J.-F. (1959). Similitude conditionnelle et illusion
auditive après une association sons-lettres. L'Année
Psychologique, 59, 47-60.
DEUTSCH, D. (1983). Auditory illusions and audio. Journal
of the Audio Engineering Society, 31, 606. [PDF]
DEUTSCH, D. (1974). An auditory illusion. Nature, 251,
307-309. [PDF]
DEUTSCH, D. (1983). Auditory illusions, handedness, and
the spatial environment. Journal of the Audio
Engineering Society, 31, 607-618.
DEUTSCH, D. (1974). Illusion with musical scales.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56,
25. [PDF]
DEUTSCH, D. (1975). Musical illusion. Scientific American, 233,
92-104. [PDF]
SHORE, D.I., HALL, S.E. & KLEIN, R.M. (1998). Auditory
saltation : A new measure of an old illusion. Journal
of the Acoustical Society of America, 103, 3730-3733.
DEUTSCH, D. (2004). The Octave illusion revisited again.
Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception
and Performance, 30, 355-364.
DEUTSCH, D. (2011). Illusory transformation from speech to
song The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
129, 22-45.
DELBOEUF, J. (1865). Note sur certaines illusions d'optique : Essai d'une théorie psychophysique de la
manière dont l'oeil apprécie les distances et les angles
[Note on certain optical illusions : Essay on a
psychophysical theory concerning the way in which the eye
evaluates distances and angles]. Bulletins de
l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux-arts de
Belgique, 19, 195-216. [LIRE]
DEREGOWSKI, J.B. (1980). Illusions, patterns and
pictures : A cross-cultural perspective. London :
Academic Press.
DELBOEUF, J. (1865). Seconde note sur de nouvelles
illusions d'optique : Essai d'une théorie psychophysique
de la manière dont l'oeil apprécie les grandeurs. Bulletins
de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux-arts
de Belgique, 20, 70-97. [LIRE]
HALL, G.S. & BOWDITCH, H.P. (1882). Optical illusions
of motions. Journal of Physiology, 3, 297-307.
BINET, A. (1985). La mesure des illusions visuelles chez
les enfants. Revue Philosophique, 40, 11-45.
THOMPSON, P. (1980). Margaret Thatcher : a new illusion. Perception, 9, 483-484.
STRATTON, G.M. (1906). Symmetry, linear illusions and the
movements of the eye. Psychological Review, 13,
81-96.
FRASER, J. (1908). A new illusion of visual direction. British
Journal of Psychology, 2, 307-320.
LOFTUS, G.R. (1985). Size illusion, distance illusion and
terrestrial passage. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : General, 114, 121-123.
BEAN, C. (1938). The blind have "optical" illusions. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 22, 283-289.
JAEGER, T. (1986). Life-span ontogeny of the
parallel-lines illusion. Perceptual & Motor
Skills, 63 (3), 1183-1189.
RUBIN, E. (1950). Visual figures apparently incompatible
with geometry. Acta psychologica, 7, 365-387.
COREN, S. & PORAC, C. (1987). Individual differences
in visual-geometric illusions : Predictions from measures
of spatial cognitive abilities. Perception &
Psychophysic, 41 (3), 211-219. [PDF]
NYSSEN, R. & BOURDON, J. (1955). Contribution to the study of the size-weight illusion by the method of p.
koseleff. Acta psychologica, 11, 467-474.
WENDEROTH, P. & JOHNSTONE, S. (1988). The different
mechanisms of the direct and indirect tilt illusions.
Vision Research, 28, 301-312.
PIAGET, J., VINH-BANG & MATALON, B. (1958). Note on
the law of the temporal maximum of some optico-geometrie
illusions. American Joumal of Psychology, 71,
277-282.
HAIG, N.D. (1989). A new visual illusion, and its
mechanism. Perception, 18, 333-345.
OYAMA, T. (1960). Japanese studies on the so-called
geometrical optical illusions. Psychologia, 3,
7-20.
DWYER, J., ASTON, R. & BROERSE, J. (1990). Emmert's
law in the Ames room. Perception, 9, 35-41. [PDF]
MAHEUX, M., TOWNSEND, J.C. & GRESOCK, C.J. (1960).
Geometrical factors in illusions of direction.
American Journal of Psychology, 73, 535-543.
MORGAN, M.J., HOLE, G.J. & GLENNERSTER, A. (1990).
Biases and sensitivities in geometrical illusions. Vision
Research, 30, 1793-1810.
[PDF]
HATWELL, Y. (1960). Étude de quelques illusions
géométriques tactiles chez les aveugles. L'Année
Psychologique, 60, 11-27.
PETERSON, M.A., KILHSTROM, J.F., ROSE, P.M. & GLISKY,
M.L. (1992). Mental images can be ambiguous : Reconstruals
and reference-frame reversals. Memory &
Cognition, 20 (2), 107-123.
GREGORY, R.L. (1962). Visual illusions in space. New
Scientist, 15, 446.
SUZUKI, K. & ARASHIDA, R. (1992). Geometrical haptic
illusions revisited : Haptic illusions compared with
visual illusions. Perception & Psychophysics, 52,
329-335.
PRESSEY, A.W. & PRESSEY, C.A. (1992). Attentive elds
are related to focal and contextual features : a study of
the Müller-Lyer distortions. Perception &
Psychophysics, 51, 423-436. [PDF]
GREGORY, R.L. (1964). Illusory perception as a constancy
phenomenon. Nature, 204, 302-303
KENNEDY, J.M., GREEN, C.D., NICHOLLS, A. & LIU, C.H.
(1992). Illusions and knowing what is real. Ecological
Psychology, 4, 153-172. [PDF]
OYAMA, T. (1965). Effects of color similarity on the
size-illusion of triple circles. Perceptual & Motor
Skills, 20, 14.
COLVIN, C.R. & BLOCK, J. (1994). Do positive illusions
foster mental health ? An Examination of the Taylor and
Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 116,
3-20.
LUCKIESH, M. (1965). Visual illusions. New York
: Dover.
AGLIOTI, S., DESOUZA, J. & GOODALE, M. (1995).
Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand.
Current Biology, 5, 679-685.
MORGAN, M.J. & HUMPHREY, N. (1965). Constancy and the
geometric illusions. Nature, 206, 744-745.
BERNTSON, G.G., CACIOPPO, J.T. & IELDSTONE, A. (1996).
Illusions, arithmetic, and the bidirectional modulation of
vagal control of the heart. Biological Psychology, 44,
1-17. [PDF]
SEGALL, H.H., CAMPBELL, D.T. & HERSKOVITS, M.J.
(1966). The influence of culture on visual perception.
Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis.
FINEMAN, M. (1996). The nature of visual illusion.
Dover Publications.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1967). A theory of the Müller-Lyer
illusion. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 25
(2), 569-572.
PELAH, A. & BARLOW H.B. (1996). Visual illusion from
running. Nature, 381, 283.
ROSS, H.E. & GREGORY, R.L. (1970). Weight illusions
and weight discrimination - a revised hypothesis. Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22 (2),
318-328.
POST, R.B. & WELCH, R.B. (1996). Is there dissociation
of perceptual and motor responses to figural illusions ? Perception, 25, 569-581.
HUMPHREY, N. (1971). Contrast illusions in perspective. Nature,
232, 91-93.
GREGORY, R.L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and
illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B : Biological Sciences, 352, 1121-1128. [PDF]
PRESSEY, A.W. (1971). An extension of assimilation theory
to illusions of size, area, and direction. Perception
& Psychophysics, 9, 172-176.
BINGHAM, G.P. & PAGANO, C.C. (1998). The necessity of
a perception/action approach to definite distance
perception : Monocular distance perception to guide
reaching. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human
Perception & Performance, 24, 145-168.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1972). The assimilation theory of
geometrical illusions : additional postulate. Perception
& Psychophysics, 11 (IA), 28-30. [PDF]
ROBINSON, J.O. (1972/98). The psychology of visual
illusion. Mineola, NY : Dover.
SHAMS, L., KAMITANI, Y. & SHOMOJO, S. (2000) Illusions
: What you see is what you hear. Nature, 408,
788.
HUMPHREY, N. (1972). Les illusions visuelles. La
Recherche, 3, 631-638.
POPPLE, A.V. & LEVI, D.M. (2000). A new illusion demonstrates long-range processing. Vision Research,
40, 2545-2549.
FRANZ, V.H. (2001). Action does not resist visual
illusions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5,
457-459.
NIHEI, Y. (1973). A preliminary study on the gemetrical
illusion of motion path : the kinetic illusion. Tohoku
Psychologica Folia, 32, 108-114.
FRANZ, V.H., FAHLE, M., BÜLTHOFF, H.H. & GEGENFURTNER,
K.R. (2001). Effects of visual illusions on grasping. Journal
of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception &
Performance, 27, 1124-1144.
IMAI, S. (1973). New illusion of square distortion. Journal
of Social Sciences & Humanities, 90, 41-42.
NINIO, J. (2001). The science of illusions.
Cornell University Press.
PRESSEY, A.W. (1974). Evidence for the role of attentive
fields in the perception of illusions. The Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26 (3),
464-471.
SHAMS, L., KAMITANI, Y. & SHOMOJO, S. (2002). Visual
illusion induced by sound. Cognitive Brain Research
14,147-152.
COREN, S., GIRGUS, J.S., EHRLICHMAN, H. & HAKSTIAN,
A.R. (1976). An empirical taxonomy of visual illusions. Perception
& Psychophysics, 20 (2), 129-137.
CAVANAGH, P. & ANTSIS, S. (2002). The boogie-woogie
illusion. Perception, 31, 100-1011. [PDF]
FRANZ, V.H. (2004). Is there a dynamic illusion effect in
the motor system ? Behavioral & Brain Sciences,
27, 34-35.
PRESSEY, A.W. & MURRAY, R. (1976). Further
developments in the assimilation theory of geometric
illusions : The adjacency principle. Perception &
Psychophysics, 19 (6), 536-544. [PDF]
FERMÜLLER, C. & MALM, H. (2004). Uncertainty in visual
processes predicts geometrical optical illusions.
Vision Research, 44, 727-749.
O'TOOLE, B. & WENDEROTH, P. (1977). The tilt illusion
: repulsion and attraction effects in the oblique
meridian. Vision Research, 17, 367-374.
WADE, N.J. (2005). Perception and illusion.
Historical perspectives. New York : Springer.
FRANZ, V.H. SCHARWOSKI, F. & GEGENFURTNER, K.R.
(2005). Illusion effects on grasping are temporally
constant, not dynamic. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : Human Perception & Performance, 31,
1359-1378.
OYAMA, T. (1977). Feature analysers, optical illusions,
and figural aftereffects. Perception, 6, 401-406.
KITAOKA, A. (2005). Trick eyes graphics. Tokyo :
Kanzen.
GOMBRICH, E.H. (1977). Art and illusion : A study in
the psychology of pictorial representation. London
: Phaidon.
FRANZ, V.H., SCHARNOWSKI, F. & GEGENFURTNER, K.R.
(2005). Illusion effects on grasping are temporally
constant not dynamic. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : Human Perception & Performance, 31
(6), 1359-1378.
[PDF]
FRANZ, V.H., HESSE, C. & KOLIATH, S. (2007). Grasping
after a delay : More ventral than dorsal? Poster pre-
sented at the Vision Sciences Society conference (VSS),
Sarasota, Florida. Journal of Vision, 7, 157.
COREN, S. & GIRGUS, J. (1978). Seeing is deceiving
: The psychology of visual illusions. Hillsdale, NJ
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Illusion
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perceptive des tailles.
=chambre d'Ames.
Ames illusion, Ames room.
Ces
trois hommes ont la même taille...
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Illusion
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Illusion de Moïse/Moses :Illusion sémantique. «Combien d'espèces différentes d'animaux
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Illusion de mouvement : Classe d'illusion qui crée une impression de mouvement.
On peut créer cette Illusion de plusieurs
façon, notamment par la sucession rapide d'images,
comme au cinéma (au moins
24 images à la seconde). Utilisée par
sherif dans ses recherche sur le conformisme
(effet
autocinétique). Illusion du mouvement et perception
du mouvement.Motion illusion, Illusion
of motion, Illusory motion, apparent movemet, motion
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WARDEN, C.J. & BAAR, J. (1929). The Müller-Lyer
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Illusion de Ponzo :Illusion visuelle qui révèle l'effet de perspective sur la perception, et plus particulièrement sur l'évaluation des longueurs.
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du mur du café : Illusion visuelle découverte par Pierce, puis expliquée par Gregory. Cafe wall illusion, Kindergarten illusion.
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Illusion
Uznadze :Illusion visuelle du contraste de la taille des objets. Uznadze montré que la perception de la taille dépend du contexte, et plus particulièrement de la manière de présenter les objets de ce contexte. Illusion eteffet Uznadze.Uznadze illusion.
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Image
corporelle :Représentation
que l'on a de notre corps, de ses caractéristiques, que l'on
considère souvent comme des qualités (EX : la
taille) ou des défauts (EX : Embonpoint). Pour
corriger ces défauts, certaines personnes ont recours à une chirurgie.
Image corporelle, sihouetteetestime
de soi.= image du corps, image
corporel. Body image.
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visuelle lorsque le sujet fixe un nouveu stimulus (= blanc),
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ne correspond pas à la nature du stimulus (= blanc). EX:
Fixez pendant cinq secondes le carré vert ci-dessous;
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loin, plus l'image est de grande dimension. =
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Visual afterimage.
X= Image consécutive rouge
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VAN OODENHOVEN, J.P., JUDD, C.M. & WARD, C. (2008).
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WILEY, S., PERKINS, K. & DEAUX, K. (2008). Through the
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diversité et sécurité : les associations
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COSTELLO, K. & HODSON, G. (2011). Social
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BASHIR, N.Y, LOCKWOOD, P. DOLDERMAN, D., SARKASSIAN, T.
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Strained differences among chickens in immobility. Journal
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WHITMAN, P.A., MARSHALL, J.A. & KELLER, E.L. (1986).
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Impact
: Il s'agit d'un anglicisme lorsqu'il est utilisé au
sens de «effet» ou «d'influence». En français, ce terme a un sens
plus physique que psychologique. EX: L'impact
d'une balle sur un mur. En science humaine/sociale, remplacer par
effet, si le facteur
explicatif de cet effet est une cause,
ou influence. On utilise
également les mots conséquence et incidence.
Impact.
TERMOTE, M. (2002). La mesure de l'impact économique de
l'immigration internationale. Problèmes méthodologiques et
résultats empiriques. Cahiers Québécois de
Démographie, 31 (1), 35-67.
MOSCOVITCH, D.A., HOFMANN, S.G. & LITZ, B.T. (2005).
The impact of self-construals on social anxiety : a
gender-specific interaction. Personality &
Individual Differences, 38, 659-672.
TURAN, T. & BESIRL, A. (2008). Impacts of urbanization
process on mental health. Anatolian Journal of
Psychiatry, 9, 238-243.
[PDF]
GOLDIN, C. & ROUSE, C. (2000). Orchestrating
impartiality : The impact of "blind" auditions on female
musicians. American Economic Review, 90,
715–741.
Impérialisme
:Idéologie et politique
menée par un pays dont le but
est de de s'approprier de nouveaux territoires
en vue d'augmenter ses ressources,
son pouvoir, généralement au moyen de menaces et guerre.EX: La guerre des Malouines menée par le
Royaume-un icontre l'Argentine. Par extension, on utilise
l'expression "impérialisme économique" pour désigner
l'appropriation de nouveux marchés.Imperialism.
SEMMEL, B. (1960). Imperialism and social reform.
English social-imperial thought, 1895-1914. London
: Allen & Unwin.
SCHUMPETER, J.A. (1951-1961). Imperialism as a social
atavism. In M. Harrison and M. Wright (Eds.), The new
imperialism (pp. 76-83). Boston : D.C. Heath.
LIPIETZ, A. (1983/84). L'impérialisme, ou la bête de
l'apocalypse. Les Temps Modernes, Octobre,
729-766. Imperialism as the beast of the apocalypse. Capital
& Class, 22, 45-66.
[PDF]
ZAFIROVSKI, M. (2000). The rational choice generalization
of neo-classical economics reconsidered : any theoretical
legitimation for economic imperialism. Sociological
Theory, 18 (3), 448-471.
FINE, B. (2001). Economics imperialism and intellectual
progress : the present as history of economic thought ? History
of Economics Review, 32 (1), 10-36.
COX, M. (2004). Empire, imperialism and the Bush doctrine.
Review of International Studies, 30 (4), 535-608.
[PDF]
TIBERGHIEN, G. & BEAUVOIS, J.-L. (2008). Domination et
impérialisme en psychologie. Psychologie Française,
53, 135-155.
Implémentation : Anglicisme. Ensemble des étapes qu'il faut franchir
pour qu'un processus, une procédure ou un mécanisme soit mis en
oeuvre, fonctionne, se déroule. =
implanter, mise en oeuvre, installer, exécuter un plan,
déroulement.
Implementation Science :Revue
scientifique multidisciplinaire qui consacre ses pages à l'implémenttion
des théorie et concept de la science.
FISHMAN, J., YANG, C. & MANDELL, D. (2021). Attitude
theory and measurement in implementation science : a
secondary review of empirical studies and opportunities
for advancement. Implementation Science, 16
[87], 1-10. [PDF]
WOIKE, B., LAVEZZARY, E. & BARSKY, J. (2001). The
influence of implicit motives on memory processes.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81
(5), 935-945. [PDF]
Implorer
: Toute chose que l'on demande avec énergie, car on ne
peut s'en passer.
Begging.
Importance
: Grande valeur
ou grand intérêt accordé à une personne, à un objet.
Importance.
AMITI, M., ITSHOSKI, O. & KONINGS, J (2014). Importers, exporters, and exchange rate disconnect.
American Economic Review, 104(7), 1942–1947.
Impossible : Impossibilité
: Toute chose qui, peu importe les conditions ou ce qu
l'on fait, ne peut survenir. Impossibile
SHTULMAN, A. & CAREY, S. (2007). Improbable or
impossible ? How Children reason about the possibility of
extraordinary events. Child Development, 78, (3),
1015-1032.
[PDF]
GONG, T. & SHTULMAN, A. (2021). The plausible
impossible : Chinese adults hold graded notions of
impossibility. Journal of Cognition & Culture,
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DEBRAY-RITZEN, P. (1991). La psychanalyse cette
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SOKAL, A. et BRICMONT, J. (1997). Impostures
intellectuelles. Paris : Odile Jacob.
JEANNERET, Y. (1998). L'affaire Sokal ou la querelle
des impostures. Paris : Presses Universitaires de
France.
Impôt
: Somme prélevée par l'état chez toute personne morale
et physique (donc obligation) afin de subvenir aux dépenses
publiques. Impôt ettaxe.Income tax.
SALKIND, N.J. & HASKINS, R. (1982). Negative income
tax : The impact on children from low-income families.
Journal of Family Issues, 3 (2), 165-180.
Impression : Ce que l'on ressent sans être capable de le décrire
avec clarté, souvent parce que cette sensatation s'estompe
rapidement, qu'elle est nouvelle (première
impression) ou trop complexe. Sur un continuum, l'impression
se situe entre la sensation brute et le raisonnement.= vague idée.
Impression formation, forming impression.
ASCH, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal
of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
BRITT, L. & HEISE, D. (1992). Impressions of
self-directed action. Social Psychology Quarterly,
55, 335-350.
KELLEY, H.H. (1950). The warm-cold variable in first
impressions of persons. Journal of Personality, 78,
431-439.
RITTS, V., PATTERSON, M.L. & TUBBS, M.E. (1992).
Expectations, impressions, and judgments of physically
attractive students : A review. Review of Educational
Research, 62 (4), 413-426. [PDF]
LEVENTHAL, H. (1962). The effects of set and discrepancy
on impression change. Journal of Personality, 30,
1-15.
MCANINCH, C.B., MANOLIS, M.B., MILICH, R. & HARRIS,
M.J. (1993). Impression formation in children : Influence
of gender and expectancy. Child Development, 64,
1492-1506.
ANDERSON, N.H. (1962). Application of additive model to impression formation. Science, 138817-818.
GRANGER, D.A., WHALEN, C.K. & HENKER, B. (1993).
Malleability of social impressions of hyperactive
children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21,
631-647.
HEIDER, F. (1967). On social cognition. American
Psychologist, 22, 25-31.
EDWARDS, J.A. & WEARY, G. (1993). Depression and the
impression-formation continuum : Piecemeal processing
despite the availability of category information. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 64,
636-45.
GOLLOB, H. (1968). Impression formation and word
combination in sentences. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 10, 341-53.
LEYENS J.-P. & FISKE, S.T. (1994). Impression
formation : From recitals to symphonie fantastique. In
P.G. Devine, D.L. Hamilton & T.M. Ostrom (Eds.),
Social cognition : Impact on social psychology (pp.
39-75). San Diego : Academic Press.
HAMID, P.N. (1968). Style of dress as a perceptual cue in
impression formation. Perceptual & Motor Skills,
26, 904-906.
ZEBROWITZ, L.A. (1995/99). Impression formation. In A.
S.R. Manstead and M. Hewstone (Eds.), The Blackwell
encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 309-314).
Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
HAMILTON, D.L. & ZANNA, M.P. (1974). Context effects
in impression formation : Changes in connotative meaning.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 29,
649-654.
DE BRUIN, E.N.M. & VAN LANGE, P.A.M. (1999).
Impression formation and cooperative behavior. European
Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 305-328.
WEGNER, D.M. & BULDAIN, R.W. (1977). Attribute
generality and the inference process in impression
formation. Personality & Social Psychology
Bulletin, 3, 91-94. [PDF]
REYNOLDS, K.J. & OAKES, P.J. (2000). Variability in
impression formation : Investigating the role of
motivation, capacity and the categorization process. Personality
& Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 355-373.
HEISE, D.R. & SMITH-LOVIN, L. (1981). Impressions of
goodness, powerfulness, and liveliness from discerned
social events. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44,
93-106.
HEISE, D. (2000). Affect control theory and impression
formation. In E. Borgatta & M. Borgatta (Eds.), Encyclopedia
of sociology (pp. 41-47). New York : Macmillan.
MARTIN, L.L. (1986). Set/reset : Use and disuse of
concepts in impression formation. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 493-504.
YBARRA, O. (2001). When first impressions don't last : The
role of isolation and adaptation processes in impression
revision. Social Cognition, 19, 491-520.
PARK, B. (1986). A method for studying the development of
impressions of real people. Journal of Personality
& Social Psychology, 51, 907-917.
HANCOCK, J.T. & DUNHAM, P.J. (2001). Impression
formation in computer-mediated communication revisted : An
analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication
Research, 8, 325-347.
THOMAS, S.L., SKITKA, L.J., CHRISTEN, S. & JURGENA, M.
(2002). Social facilitation and impression formation.
Basic Applied Social Psychology, 24 (1), 67-70. [PDF]
McFARLAND C. & ROSS, M. (1987). The relation between
current impressions and memories of self and dating
partners. Personality & Social Psychology
Bulletin, 13, 228-238.
BOLINO, M.C. & TURNLEY, W.H. (2003). More than one way
to make an impression : Exploring profiles of impression
management. Journal of Management, 29 (2),
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NEUBERG, S.L. & FISKE, S.T. (1987). Motivational
influences on impression formation : Outcome dependency,
accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 53 (3),
431-444.
CHEN, S., YBARRA, O. & KIEFER, A K. (2004). Power and
impression formation : The effects of power on the desire
for morality and competence information. Social
Cognition, 22, 391-421. [PDF]
ULEMAN, J.S., BLADER, S.L. & TODOROV, A. (2005).
Implicit impressions. In R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman &
J.A. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp.
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HOLTGRAVES, T. & SRULL, T.K. (1989). The effects of
positive self descriptions on impressions : General
principles and individual differences. Personality
& Social Psychology Bulletin, 15 (3), 452-462.
ULEMAN, J.S., BLADER, S. & TODOROV, A. (2005).
Implicit impressions. In R. Hassin, J.S. Uleman & J.A.
Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 362-392).
New York : Oxford University Press.
HEISE, D. & THOMAS, L. (1989). Predicting impressions
created by combinations of emotion and social identity. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 52 (2), 141-148.
[PDF]
DENRELL, J. (2005). Why most people disapprove of me :
Experience sampling in impression formation. Psychological
Review, 112 (4), 951-978. [PDF]
LENNON, S.J. & DAVIS, L.L. (1989). Categorization in
first impressions. Journal of Psychology :
Interdisciplinary & Applied, 123 (5), 439-446.
WILLIS, J. & TODOROV, A. (2006). First impressions :
Making up your mind after 100 ms exposure to a face. Psychological
Science, 17 (7), 592-598. [PDF]
CURHAN, J.R. & OVERBACK, J.R. (2008). Making a
positive impression in a negotiation : Gender differences
in response to impression motivation. Negotiation
& Conflict Management Research, 1 (2), 179-193.
[PDF]
PARK, B. & JUDD, C.M. (1989). Agreement on initial
impressions : Differences due to perceivers, trait
dimensions, and target behaviors. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 56, 493-505.
OLIVOLA, C.Y. & TODOROV, A. (2010). Fooled by first
impressions ? Reexamining the diagnostic value of
appearance-based inferences. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 46, 315-324. [PDF]
STEELE, K.M. & SMITHWICK, L.E. (1989). First names and
first impressions : A fragile relationship. Sex
Roles, 21 (7/8), 517-523. [PDF]
HUMA, B. (2010). Gender differences in impression
formation. Journal of Comparative Research in
Anthropology & Sociology, 1 (1), 57-72. [PDF]
FORGAS, J.R. (2011). Can negative affect eliminate the
power of first impressions? Affective influences on
primacy and recency effects in impression formation.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47,
425-429.
MCALEER, P., TODOROV, A. & BELIN, P. (2014). How do
you say "Hello" ? Personality impressions from brief novel
voices. PLoS ONE, 9 (3): e90779. [PDF]
Impression (Formation) : Processus
cognitif de production d'une impression.Forming impression, impression formation.
ASCH, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal
of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
REYNOLDS, K.J. & OAKES, P.J. (2000). Variability in
impression formation : Investigating the role of
motivation, capacity and the categorization process. Personality
& Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 355-373.
ANDERSON, N.H. (1962). Application of additive model to impression formation. Science, 138817-818.
LEVENTHAL, H. & SINGER, D.L. (1964). Cognitive
complexity, impression formation and impression
change. Journal of Personality, 32, 210-226.
GOLLOB, H. (1968). Impression formation and word
combination in sentences. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 10, 341-53.
HEISE, D. (2000). Affect control theory and impression
formation. In E. Borgatta and M. Borgatta (Eds.), Encyclopedia
of sociology (pp. 41-47). New York : Macmillan.
HAMID, P.N. (1968). Style of dress as a perceptual cue in
impression formation. Perceptual & Motor Skills,
26, 904-906.
ROSENBAUM, M.E. & LEVIN, I.P. (1968). Impression
formation as a function of source credibility and order of
presentation of contradictory information. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 10, 167-17
ROSENBAUM, M.E. & LEVIN, I.P. (1969). Impression
formation as a function ot source credibility and the
polarity of information. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 12, 34-37
HIMMELFARB, S. (1972). Integration and attribution
theories in personality impression formation.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 23 (3),
309-313.
HAMILTON, D.L. & ZANNA, M.P. (1974). Context effects
in impression formation : Changes in connotative meaning.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 29,
649-654.
HANCOCK J.T. & DUNHAM, P.J. (2001). Impression
formation in computer-mediated communication revisted : An
analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication
Research, 8, 325-347.
WEGNER, D.M. & BULDAIN, R.W. (1977). Attribute
generality and the inference process in impression
formation. Personality & Social Psychology
Bulletin, 3, 91-94. [PDF]
THOMAS, S.L., SKITKA, L.J., CHRISTEN, S. & JURGENA, M.
(2002). Social facilitation and impression formation.
Basic Applied Social Psychology, 24 (1), 67-70. [PDF]
LINGLE, J.H., GEVA, N., OSTROM, T.M., LEIPPE, M.R. &
BAUMGARDNER, M.H. (1979). Thematic effects of person
judgments on impression organization. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 37(5),
674-687.
MARTIN, L.L. (1986). Set/reset : Use and disuse of
concepts in impression formation. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 493-504.
RIGGIO, R.E. & FRIEDMAN, H.S. (1986). Impression
formation. The role of expressive behavior. ?Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology 50 (2),
421-417.
FORGAS, J.R. (2011). She just doesn’t look like a
philosopher... ? Affective influences on the halo effect
in impression formation. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 41, 812–817.
NEUBERG, S.L. & FISKE, S.T. (1987). Motivational
influences on impression formation : Outcome dependency,
accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 53 (3),
431-444.
CHEN, S., YBARRA, O. & KIEFER, A.K. (2004). Power and
impression formation : The effects of power on the desire
for morality and competence information. Social
Cognition, 22, 391-421. [PDF]
MCANINCH, C.B., MANOLIS, M.B., MILICH, R. & HARRIS,
M.J. (1993). Impression formation in children : Influence
of gender and expectancy. Child Development, 64,
1492-1506.
DENRELL, J. (2005). Why most people disapprove of me :
Experience sampling in impression formation. Psychological
Review, 112 (4), 951-978. [PDF]
EDWARDS, J.A. & WEARY, G. (1993). Depression and the
impression-formation continuum : Piecemeal processing
despite the availability of category information. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 64,
636-45.
HUMA, B. (2010). Gender differences in impression
formation. Journal of Comparative Research in
Anthropology & Sociology, 1 (1), 57-72. [PDF]
LEYENS J.-P. & FISKE, S.T. (1994). Impression
formation : From recitals to symphonie fantastique. In
P.G. Devine, D.L. Hamilton & T.M. Ostrom (Eds.),
Social cognition : Impact on social psychology (pp.
39-75). San Diego : Academic Press.
FORGAS, J.R. (2011). Can negative affect eliminate the
power of first impressions? Affective influences on
primacy and recency effects in impression formation.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47,
425-429.
ZEBROWITZ, L.A. (1995/99). Impression formation. In A.
S.R. Manstead and M. Hewstone (Eds.), The Blackwell
encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 309-314).
Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
MCALEER, P., TODOROV, A. & BELIN, P. (2014). How do
you say "Hello" ? Personality impressions from brief novel
voices. PLoS ONE, 9 (3): e90779. [PDF]
DE BRUIN, E.N.M. & VAN LANGE, P.A.M. (1999).
Impression formation and cooperative behavior. European
Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 305-328.
Impression
(Première) : Évaluation sommaire (peu
d'informations) et rapide (peu de temps) d'autrui (ou d'un objet),
qui influence notre jugement
et qui, parfois, persiste en dépit des informations
qui en nient la pertinence ou la valeur. =
estimation rapide.
First impression, first look.
ASCH, S E (1946). Forming impressions of personality Journal
of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 41, 258-290.
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Imprévisible : Que l'on ne peut prévoir
avec certitude. Selon Crozier,
qualifie le comportement
d'un acteur qui ne joue
pas parfaitement son rôle, et
dont on ne peut prédire
avec certitude la façon d'agir. L'individu imprévisible est donc
plus difficile à contrôler; il échappe ainsi, provisoirement, au pouvoir
d'autrui. = sortir de son texte, se
comporter de façon inattendue. /prévisible.
Unpredictable.
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Improbable : Improbabilité : Qui est peut susceptible de se produire.
Improbable event.
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Impuissance
(sexuelle) : Incapacité sexuelle masculine qui
se traduit essentiellement par une absence d'érection.
En l'absence de causes organiques ou neuro-hormonales, on attribue
souvent cette impuissance à des inhibitions
psychiques ou à une dépression. Erectile disorder, erectile failure.
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Impulsivité : Impulsion : Impulsif : Tendance à agir sans réfléchir, sans mesurer les conséquences de ses comportements.
Ces comportements, émis en l'absence de raisonnement
ou de réflexion préalable, échappe au contrôle
de l'individu. /contrôle
de soi, patience. Impulsivity,
impulsiveness, dysfunctional impulsivity.
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Inapte à subir son procès : Expression utilisée en droit
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d'une évaluation psychiatrique (du moins au Québec), est déclaré
incapable de suivre le déroulement de son propre procès et de
comprendre le bien-fondé des accusations qui sont portées contre
lui. = plaider la folie. Inaptitude à
subir son procès, crimellement
non-responsable de ses actes et
Commission d'examen des troubles mentaux (CETM). Not
guilty by reason of insanity.
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: État d'un phénomène dont l'apparition ou l'existence
est peu probable ou
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etdécision./certitude.Uncertainty.
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Incidence : Ce terme a au moins deux acceptions : a)
En épidémiologie,
mesure de l'état de santé
physique ou mentale
d'une population à un
moment donné de leur histoire. Pour une pathologie
donnée, cette mesure le nombre de nouveaux cas de cette pathologie
observés pendant une période et pour une population déterminées. b)
Synonyme d'effet, de conséquence ou d'influence. *prévalence.Incidence.
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Inciter : Incitation :Comportement
verbal qui vise à influencer un individu en lui suggérant un
comportement pu une solution plutôt qu'en lui disant précisément
quoi faire ou penser. = Allusion. Nudge.
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cognitive qui consiste à former des catégories
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humanisme (catégorie), mais les humanistes ne sont pas tous des
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qualifie un paradigme
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auquel il succède), car, par définition, le paradigme définit ses
propres critères de vérité
et ses propres conditions de mise à l'épreuve.
= qui ne peut être comparer.
Incommensurability.
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LACEY, H. (2001). Incommensurability and "multicultural
science". In P. Hoyningen-Huene & H. Sankey (Eds.), Incommensurability
and related matters (pp. 225-239). Dordrecht,
Holland : Kluwer.
SIEGEL, H. (1980). Objectivity, rationality,
incommensurability and more. British Journal of the
Philosophy of Science, 31, 359-384.
CHARLAND, M. (2003). The incommensurability thesis and the
status of knowledge/La thèse de l'incommensurabilité et le
statut de la connaissance. Philosophy & Rhetoric,
36 (3), 248-263.
BATENS, D. (1984). Incommensurability is not a threat to
the rationality of science or to the anti-dogmatic
tradition. Philosophica, 32, 117-132.
PSILLOS, S. (2008). Carnap and incommensurability.
Philosophical Inquiry, 30 (1-2), 135-156.
BEILIN, H. (1984). Functionalist and structuralist
research programs in developmental psychology :
Incommensurability or synthesis ? In H.W. Reese (Ed.), Advances
in child development and behavior (Vol 18, pp.
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PEARCE, D. (1987). Roads to commensurability. Dordrecht
: Reidel.
Incommunicabilité : Difficulté à communiquer avec autrui résultant, non pas d'un manque d'habileté ou de l'absence de sociabilité, mais de
la multiplicité des sources d'information actuellement
disponibles, de l'absence de repères communs. EX:
Difficulté de discuter avec des collègues car personne n'a lu les
mêmes articles/livres sur un thème donné ou impossibilité de
discuter littérature avec des amis car personne n'a lu le même
auteur/roman.
Incongruence
: Incongruent : Chez Rogers,
état qui caractérise l'individu en désaccord avec lui-même. =
conflit, désaccord. Incongruence.
Inconnu
: Unknow.
CARLETON, R.N. (2016). Fear of the unknown : One fear to
rule them all? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41,
5-21.
Inconscient : Au sens large, processus
psychique ou cognitif
se déroulant hors du champ de la conscience et auquel l'individu
n'a pas accès (volontairement du moins). Chez Freud,
l'inconscient désigne une force hypothétique qui pousse les
individus à agir à leur insu ou contre leur volonté. Cet
inconscient se forme à partir d'expériences conscientes refoulées
dans la prime enfance. L'inconscient est une propriété du ça,
du surmoi et des mécanismes
de défense du moi. Inconscient etpulsion= absence de conscience, esprit
inconscient. *inconscience,
subconscient. /conscient.Unconscious, unconscious processes.
CARUS, C.G. (1846). Psyche.
LACOSTE, P. (1996). La syntaxe de l'inconscient.
Science et Avenir Hors-Série Le Rêve, 109. [LIRE]
JANET, P. (1889). L'automatisme psychologique.
Paris : Alcan.
GREENWALD, A.G., DRAINE, S.C. & ABRAMS, R.L. (1996).
Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic
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PHAF, R.H. & WOLTERS, G. (1997). A constructivist and
connectionist view on conscious and nonconscious
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FREUD, S. (1900/27). The interpretation of dreams /
Interprétation des rêves. London : George Allen
and Unwin Ltd.
MERIKLE, P.M. & JOORDENS, S. (1997). Measuring
unconscious influences. In J.D. Cohen & J.W. Schooler
(Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness
(pp. 109-123). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
FREUD, S. (1904). Psychopathologie de la vie
quotidienne. Paris : Payot.
BANAJI, M.R., BLAIR, I.V. & GLASDER, J. (1997).
Environments and unconscious processes. In R.S. Wyer
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MORRIS, J.S., ÖHMAN, A. & DOLAN, R.J. (1998).
Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the
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FREUD, S. (1923/81). Le moi et le ça. Paris :
Payot.
WESTEN, D. (1999). The scientific status of unconscious
processes : Is Freud really dead ? Journal of the
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KIHLSTORM, J.F. (1999). Conscious and unconscious
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ELLENBERGER, H.F. (1974). À la découverte de
l’inconscient. Histoire de la psychiatrie dynamique.
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ABRAMS, R.L. & GREENWALD, A.G. (2000). Parts outweigh
the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological
Science, 11, 118-124.
SCHMIDEBERG, M. (1933). Some unconscious mechanisms in
pathological sexuality and their relation to normal
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GRÜNNBAUM, A. (2001). L'inconscient à l'épreuve.
Sciences et Avenir (July/August), 42-49.
BRUGMANS, H.J.F.W. (1939). The psychic unconscious and the
psychological unconscious. Acta Psychologica, 4,
241-274.
BARGH, J.A., GOLLWITZER, P.M., LEE-CHAI, A., BARNDOLLAR,
K. & TROET-SCHEL, R. (2001). The automated will :
Unconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.
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MILLER, J.G. (1942). Unconsciousness. New York :
Wiley.
ELLENBERGER, H.F. (2001). Histoire de l'inconscient.
Paris : Fayard.
EPSTEIN, S. (1955). Unconscious self-evaluation in a
normal and a schizophrenic group. Journal of Abnormal
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BANAJI, M., LEMM, K.M. & CARPENTER, S.J. (2001). The
social unconscious. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.),
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STEELE, R.S. & MORAWSKI, J.G. (2002). Implicit
cognition and the social unconscious. Theory &
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EY, H. (1966). L'inconscient. Paris : Desclée
de Brouwer.
COHEN, B.D. & SCHERMER, V.L. (2004).
Self-transformation and the unconscious in contemporary
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relational and intersubjective frame of reference. Psychoanalytic
Psychology, 21 (4), 580-600.
ELLENBERGER, H.F. (1974). À la découverte de
l’inconscient. Histoire de la psychiatrie dynamique. Villeurbanne
: Simep-Éditions.
DIJKTERHUIS, A. (2004). Think different : The merits of
unconscious thought in preference development and decision
making. Journal of Personality & Social
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ANZIEU, D. (1975). Le groupe et l'inconscient. Paris
: Dunod.
LÉGAL, J.-P. (2005). Effets non conscients des stéréotypes
sur les comportements et les performances. Préjugé et
Stéréotypes, 1-5. [PDF]
SHEVRIN, H. & DICKMAN, S. (1980). The psychological
unconscious : A necessary assumption for all psychological
theory ? American Psychologist, 35, 421-434.
HASSIN, R., ULEMAN, J.S. & BARGH, J.A. (Eds.) (2005).
The new unconscious. New York : Oxford
University Press.
EPSTEIN, S. (1983). The unconscious, the preconscious and
the self-concept. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological
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Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
DIJKSTERHUIS, A. & SMITH, P.K. (2005). What do we do
unconsciously ? And how ? Journal of Consumer
Psychology, 15, 225-229. [PDF]
KIHLSTORM, J.F (1987). The cognitive unconscious. Science,
237, 1445-1452. [PDF]
BARGH, J.A. (2006). What have we been priming all these
years ? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of
nonconscious social behavior. European Journal of
Social Psychology, 36, 147-168. [PDF]
JACOBY, L.L. KELLEY, C., BROWN, J. & JASENCHKO, J.
(1989). Becoming famous overnight : Limits on the ability
to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 56 (3),
326-338. [PDF]
DIJKTERHUIS, A. & VAN OLDEN, Z. (2006). On the beneits
of thinking unconsciously : Unconscious thought can
increase post-choice satisfaction. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 627-631. [PDF]
WAKEFIELD, J.C. (1990). Why instinctual impulses can't be
unconscious : An exploration of Freud's cognitivism. Psychoanalysis
& Contemporary Thought, 13, 265-288.
DIJKTERHUIS, A. & NORDREN, F. (2006). A theory of
unconscious thought. Perspectives on Psychological
Sciences, 1 (2), 95-109. [PDF]
WAKEFIELD, J.C. (1991). Why emotions can't be unconscious
: An exploration of Freud's essentialism. Psychoanalysis
& Contemporary Thought, 14, 29-67.
BARG, J.A. & MORSELLA, E. (2007). The unconscious
mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3 (1),
73-79. [PDF]
LOFTUS, E.F. & KLINGER, M.R. (1992). Is the
unconscious smart or dumb ? American Psychologist,
47, 761-765. [PDF]
KIHLSTROM, J.F. (2008). The psychological unconscious. In
O.P. John, R.W. Robins & L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook
of personality : Theory and research (pp. 583-602).
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ERDELYI, M.H. (1992). Psychodynamics and the Unconscious.
American Psychologist 47 (6),
784–-787.
DIJKTERHUIS, A. PRESTON, J., WEGNER, D.M. & ARTS, H.
(2008). Effects of subliminal priming of self and God on
self-attribution of authorship for events. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 2-9. [PDF]
GREENWALD, A.G. (1992). New look 3 : Unconscious cognition
reclaimed. American Psychologist, 47 (6), 766-779.
GONZÁLEZ-VALLEJO, C., LASSITER, G.D., BELLEZZA, F.S. &
LINDBERG, M.J. (2008). "Sacrve angels perhaps”: A critical
examination of unconscious thought Theory and the
deliberation-without-attention effect. Review of
General Psychology, 12 (3), 282-296.
ELLENBERGER, H.F. (1993). Beyond the unconscious :
Essays in the history of psychiatry. Princeton :
Princeton University Press.
WAROQUIER, L., MARCHIORI, D., KLEIN, O. & CLEEREMANS,
A. (2010). Methodological pitfalls of the unconscious
thought paradigm. Judgment & Decision Making, 4
(7), 610-610.
[PDF]
EPSTEIN, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and
psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49
(8), 709-724. [PDF]
BERLIN, H.A. (2011). The neural basis of the dynamic
unconscious. Neuropsychoanalysis, 13 (1), 5-12.
[PDF]
BRAND, J. (1995). Integration of the cognitive and the
psychodynamic unconscious : Comment. American
Psychologist, 50 (9), 799.
BAZAN, A. (2011). Phantoms in the voice : a
neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis on the structure of the
unconscious. Neuropsychoanalysis 13, 161–176.
GREENWALD, A.G., KLINGER, G.M. & SCHUH, E.S.
(1995). Activation by marginally perceptible
("subliminal") stimuli : Dissociation of the unconscious
from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental
Psychology : General 124 (1), 22-42.
BAZAN, A. & SNODGRASS, M. (2012). On unconscious
inhibition : instantiating repression in brain. In A.
Fotopoulou, D.W. Pfaff & E.M. Conway (Eds.),
Trends in Psychodynamic Neuroscience (307-337).
Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Inconscient
collectif : Terme utilisé par Jung
pour désigner les images et les symboles
qui, selon lui, ne résultent par de l'expérience d'un individu (=
inconscient individuel), mais pluôt de l'histoire de l'espèce
humaine (phylogénèse). NDLR
: Il convient de préciser que l'on a jamais montré
l'existence de ce phénomène.
GEWEHR, R.B. (2013). L'inconscient phylogénétique versus
l'inconscient collectif : Contribution au dialogue entre
Freud et Jung. L'Esprit du temps : Revue de
Psychologie Analytique, 1 (1), 75-97. [PDF]
Incontinence
: Qui ne peut se contenir (joie, urine, etc.). Incontinence,
fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence.
WALD, A. (1981). Biofeedback therapy for fecal
incontinence. Annals of lnternal Medicine, 95,
146-149.
WALD, A. (1981). Use of biofeedback in treatment of fecal
incontinence in patients with meningomyelocele. Pediatrics,
68, 45-49
WHITEHEAD, W.E., PARKER, L., BOSMAJIAN, L.E.,
MERRILL-CORHIN, D., MIDDAUGH, S., GARWOOD, M., CATALDO,
M.F. & FREEMAN, J. (1986). Treatment of fecal
incontinence in children with spina bifida : Comparison of
biofeedback and behavior modification. Archives of
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 67, 218-223.
[PDF]
LANCASTER, M.M. (1990). Urinary incontinence : Aids for
management. In R.C. Hanby, J.M. Turnball, L.D. Norman
& M.M. Lancaster (Eds.), Alzheimer's disease : A
handbook for caregivers (pp. 108-115). St. Louis :
Mosby.
TARBOX, R.S.F., WILLIAMS, W.L. & FRIMAN, P.C. (2004).
Extended diaper wearing : effects on continence in and out
of the diaper. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,
37 (1), 97-100. [PDF]
LEBLANC, L.A., CARR, J.E., CROSSETT, S.E., BENNETT, C.M.
& DETWELILER, D.D. (2005). Intensive outpatient
behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of
children with autism. Focus on Autism & other
Developmental Disabilities, 20 (2), 98-105.
[PDF]
BARTHÉLÉMY, S. (2014). Perdre et garder au-dedans :
incorporation ou introjection ? Santé Mentale, 187,
12. [PDF]
Incrédulité : Crédulité
: Caractéristique de celui ou celle qui ne se laisse
pas convaincre aisément, qui refuse de croire à une chose sans
preuve. croyance./crédulité.
Incredulity.
LEHMAN, H.C. & WITTY, P.A. (1928). Sex differences in
credulity. Journal of Abnormal & Social
Psychology, 23, 356-368.
Indémontrable
: Se dit d'un énoncé (ou d'une
proposition) que l'on ne peut confronter aux faits,
soit : 1) parce qu'il est flou ou imprécis; On le dit aussi
non-opérationnel. 2) soit parce qu'il a un caractère général
ou universel et qu'il
joue, de ce fait, un rôle essentiel (axiome)
au sein d'une théorie. =
postulat. 3) soit parce qu'il ne dit rien du monde, de la réalité
(certaines croyances).
Undemonstrable.
Indépendance
: État d'une personne ou d'un organisme
(science, la presse, etc. ) qui agit selon ses propres règles et
principes, donc à l'abri des
influences indues d'autrui. Independence.
Indépendance
(sur le plan psychologique) : Qui
n'est pas dépendant
d'autrui, est donc en mesure d'accomplir seul les tâches du
quotidien, de ses études, de son travail, etc. =autonomie./dépendance.
*Isolement.Independence.
TURNBULL, A.P. & TURNBULL, H.R. (1985). Developing
independence. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 6,
108-119.
VAN WESSEL, M. (2004). Talking about consumption : How an
Indian middle class dissociates from middle-class life. Cultural
Dynamics, 16, 93-116.
TIDRICK, K. (1973). Skin shade and need for achievement in
a multiracial society : Jamaica, Indies. Journal of
Social Psychology, 89 (1), 25-33.
SING, K. & AGRAWAL, P. (2007). Masculinity and
femininity among working women in Indian urban culture. Journal
of Human Ecology, 21 (2), 135-138. [PDF]
O'FLAHERTY, W. & DERRETT, J. (Eds.) (1978). The
concept of duty in South Asia. Delhi, India :
Vikas.
HERD, R. & DOUGHERTY, S. (2007). Growth prospects in
China and India compared. The European Journal of
Comparative Economics, 4 (1), 65-89.
ADAIR, J.G., PUHAN, B.N. & VOHRA, N. (1993).
Indigenization of psychology : Empirical assessment of
progress in Indian research. International Journal of
Psychology, 28, 149-169.
McMILLAN, A. (2008). Democratization in India. Democratization,
4, 733-749.
DREZE, J. & SEN, A. (1995). India : Economic
development and social opportunity. Oxford :
Clarendon Press.
SAVANI, K., MARKUS, H.R. & CONNER, A.L. (2008). Let
your preference be your guide ? Preferences and choices
are more tightly linked for North Americans than for
Indians. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 95, 861-876.
[PDF]
CHEN, M.A. (1997) Listening to widows in rural India. Women
: A Cultural Review, 8 (3), 311-318. [PDF]
SUEDFELD, P. & JHANGIANI, R. (2009). Cognitive
management in an enduring international rivalry : The case
of India and Pakistan. Political Psychology, 30,
937-951.
COHEN, L. (2000). No aging in India : Alzheimer's, the
bad family, and other modern things. University of
California Press.
RAMAM, R.S. (2013). An exploration of androgyny in Indian
women entrepreneurs. Procedia - Social &
Behavioral Sciences 133, 304-309. [PDF]
Index
de masse corporelle : IMC etobésité. Body mass index.
KUSKOWSKA-WOLK, A., KARLSSON, P., STOLT, M. & RÖSSNER,
S. (1989). The predictive validity of body mass index
based on self-reported weight and height. International
Journal of Obesity, 5, 441-453.
KUSKOWSKA-WOLK, A. BOSTRÖM, G. & RÖSSNER, S. (1990).
Influence of body image on estimation of body mass index
based on self-reported weight and height. Diabetes
Research & Clinical Practice, 10 (S), 155-158.
PERRY, J. (1979). The problem of the essential indexical.
Nous, 13, 3-21.
DUTTA, A. & NAIRNE, J.S. (1993). The separability of
space and time : dimensional interaction in the memory
trace. Memory & Cognition, 21, 440-448. [PDF]
Indexicalité
: En ethnométhodologie,
désigne la propriété d'un mot,
d'une expression ou d'un texte qui n'a de sens
que dans le contexte où il a été produit.
WHITEBREAD, J. & McGOWN, A. (1994). The treatment of
bulimia nervosa what is effective : A meta-analysis. Indian
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 32-44.
BHATNAGAR, M. & SEN, A. (1973). The effect of the
Von-Restorff phenomenon on different temporal positions
in serial learning. Indian Journal of Psychology,
48 (4), 44-52.
LE NY, J.-F. (1956). Le temps de réaction motrice simple
considéré comme un indicateur psychologique. La
Raison, 14, 47-74.
GERBNER, G. (1969). Toward "cultural indicators" : The
analysis of mass mediated message systems. AV
Communication Review, 17 (2), 137-148.
BELIN, E. & MONTEIL, J.M. (1999). Functional proximity
as an indicator of interpersonal attraction : Pilot
studies. International Review of Social Psychology,
12, 7-24.
TARDIF, J. (2004). Un passage obligé dans la planification
de l'évaluation des compétences : déterminer des
indicateurs progressifs et terminaux de développement
(1ère et 2e partie). Pédagogie Collégiale, 18
(1), 13-27. [PDF]
MORELLET, N., GAILLARD, J.M., HEWISON, A.J.M., BALLON, P.,
BOSCARDI, Y., DUNCAN. P., KLEIN, F. & MAILLARD, D.
(2007). Indicators of ecological change : new tools for
managing populations of large herbivores. Journal of
Applied Ecology, 44, 634-643. [PDF]
BOLLEN, K.A. & BAULDRY, S. (2011). Three Cs in
measurement models : Causal indicators, composite
indicators, andcovariates. Psychological Methods, 16
(3), 265-284. [PDF]
Indicateur
principal : Indicateur qui
permet d'évaluer ou de mesurer la variable
dépendante d'une recherche (Y). Dans une recherche,
il peut y avoir plusieurs indicateurs principaux. EX :
mordre est un indicateur de la variable agressivité; donner un
coup de poing en est un autre. = Y
principal.
Indicateur
secondaire : Indicateur noté par
le chercheur, mais qui
n'est pas destiné à évaluer ou à mesurer sa variable
dépendante (Y), mais qui peut néanmoins faire l'objet d'un
examen. EX : L'hésitation des sujets dans une
recherche visant à montrer l'effet du sexe sur le conformisme. Il
s'agit de comportements dit "concomitants" qui sont souvent
associés à la variable dépendante. Même s'ils sont moins
importants que les indicateurs principaux, ces indicateurs doivent
cependant faire l'objet d'une analyse
statistique secondaire, analyse qui mène parfois à une découverte.
Indicateur secondaire etanalyse
statistique secondaire. = Y
secondaire.
Indice
: Le mot a trois acceptions voisines
:a)
Signe ou stimulus
observable qui indique ou annonce avec une probabilité x
l'apparition d'un phénomène
observable ou inobservable.
Le symptôme est un indice
qui indique ou annonce l'apparition d'une maladie physique ou
mentale . En conditionnement opérant,
le stimulus discrimatif joue le
rôle d'indice en signalant au sujet la contingence.
Il en va de même du stimulus
conditionnel en conditionnement répondant,
qui annonce l'apparition probable du stimulus
inconditionnel. EX: L'arrivée des
hirondelles est un indice du printemps. Un signe ne peut jouer le
rôle d'indice que s'il est fortement associé à un phénomène
donné. = signe avant-coureur,
prédicteur, signal. Indice ettrace.b) En cognition, l'indice est un stimulus qui
favorise le rappel.=indice de rappel.
Cue. c)
Dans les sciences sociales, mais surtout en économie,
l'indice est un score globale qui intègre plusieurs indicateurs.EX: Indice des prix à la consommation. Cue.
SPIVEY, M., RIDCHARSON, D. & FITVENA, S. (2004).
Thinking outside the brain : Spatial inidices to visual
and linguistic information. In J. Henderson &. F.
Ferreira. (Eds.), The interface of vision language and
action. New York : Psychology Press.
Indices
d'influence scientifique : En scientométrie,
mesure de la valeur d'une revue
scientifique, et partant de la qualité des
chercheurs qui publient leurs articles
dans ces revues. Cet indice, inventé par Garfield,
est calculé chaque année par l'Institute for
Scientific Information pour chaque revue qui fait l'objet
d'une évaluation. Le classement des revues qui en résulte est
publié dans le Journal Citation
Report. Ce classement a une grande importance en science
car il sert souvent de critères d'évaluation pour déterminer
l'octroi des subventions de
recherche, les promotions au sein du corps professoral, les
prix et les bourses (et même les Prix
Nobel). L'indice est calculé sur une période de deux ans.
Par exemple, l'indice 2008 pour une revue donnée est calculé selon
l'équation suivante A/B, où A équivaut au nombre de fois que des
articles publiés durant la période 2006-2007 sont cités en
références dans l'ensemble des revues indexées durant
l'année 2008, tandis que B équivaut au nombre d'articles publiés
dans la période 2006-2007. Indice d'influuence, revue
scientifique etJournal
Citation Report. = indice de la
valeur des revues scientifiques, indice de citation.
Science
Citation Index, Impact factor, IF.
GARFIELD, E. (1955). Citation indexes for science : A new
dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Science,
122 (3159), 108-111. [PDF]
GARFIELD, E. (1998). From Citation Indexes to Informetrics
: Is the tail now wagging the dog ? International Journal
of Libraries & Information Studies, 48 (2),
67-80.
GARFIELD, E. (1972). Citation analysis as a tool in
journal evaluation. Science, 178 (4060),
471-479.
[PDF]
GARFIELD, E. (1998). Long-term vs. short-term journal
impact : Does it matter ? The Scientist, 12 (3),
10-20.
[PDF]
GARFIELD, E. (1989). Delayed recognition in scientific
discovery : citation frequency analysis aids the search
for case histories. Current Contents, 23, 3-9.
GARFIELD, E. (1999). Journal impact factor : a brief
review. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 161
(8), 979-980.
GARFIELD, E. (1990). How ISI selects journals for coverage
: quantitative and qualita-tive considerations. In Essays
of an information scientist (Vol 13, pp. 185-193).
Philadelphia : ISI Press.
HANSSON, S. (1995). Impact factor as a misleading tool in
evaluation of medical journals. Lancet, 346
(8979), 906.
WHITEHOUSE, G.H. (2001). Impact factors : Facts and myths.
European Radiology, 12, 715-717.
GARFIELD, E. (1996). How can impact factors be improved ?
British Medical Journal, 313 (7054), 411-413. [PDF]
SAHA, S. SAINT, S. & CHRISTAKIS, D.A. (2003). Impact
factor : a valid measure of journal quality ? Journal
of the Medical Library Association, 91 (1), 42-46.
LEYDESDORFF, L. & BORNMANN, L. (2011). How fractional
counting of citations affects the impact factor :
Normalization in terms of differences in citation
potentials among fields of science. Journal of the
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Individu
:Organisme
humain ou animal. Contrairement au mot personne,
ce terme désigne aussi bien un animal qu'un humain. L'individu est
aussi, sauf exception, l'élément d'une collectivité,
d'un groupe; si ce groupe
est formel, on
utilise le mot «membre». =
specimen. *personne (
): Voir tableau ci-bas.
Individual.
Individu
(Différences) : Dans une population
donnée, ensemble des caractéristiques qui distinguent les individus,
tant sur le plan physique que psychologique. Différence
entre les individus et personnalité.
= Différences individuelles.
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Individu-cible : Expression qui sert à désigner l'individu
qui fait l'objet d'une étude, d'une observation (la cible), et qui
constitue le point de référence de ce que l'on cherche à
expliquer. Cette expression est commode car elle permet de
distinguer l'individu dont on cherche à analyser le comportement,
des autres individus susceptibles d'influencer l'objet d'étude. On
dit aussi groupe-cible.= participant ou sujet d'une
recherche.
Individu
rejeté : Dans un groupe,individu mis à l'écart, qui reçoit donc peu d'attention
ou qui est l'objet de nombreux comportements agressifs (harcèlement)
de la part des pairs.
Individu rejeté, ostrascimeet isolement
social.= tête de turc, bouc
émissaire, mouton noir.
Peer reject, peer
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Individu vedette : Dans un groupe,individu qui reçoit beaucoup d'attention
ou qui est l'objet de peu de comportements
agressifs de la part des autres individus du groupe (pairs).
= individu populaire, vedette
sociométrique, chou-chou du prof, préféré de la maîtresse.
Peer support, popular children.
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Individualisme
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Inertie : Inertiel
: Emprunté à la physique, ce concept a en sciences
humaines une valeur plus descriptivequ'explicative. De
fait, l'inertie décrit une absence de changement
chez un individu ou au
sein d'un groupe (et
parfois la défense explicite du statut quo). Il présuppose
également que ce changement (d'idée,d'attitude, de comportement,
de stratégie, etc.) est
tellement coûteux ou désavantageux sur le plan individuel ou
collectif qu'il est préférable de continuer à faire ce que l'on a
toujours fait (d'où le mot inertie). Il va de soi que l'absence de
changement n'est pas produite par l'inertie - qui est une
propriété de la matière - mais bien a une foule de facteurs qui se
conjugent pour empêcher le changement ou nuire à son implantation.
On utilise le terme résistance
au changement lorsque ces facteurs n'ont pas été
clairement identifiés par celui qui souhaite et planifie le
changemement ou lorsque l'individu concerné par le changement
dissimule volontairement ses motifs ou ne parvient pas à les
mettre clairement en évidence. En
sciences humaines, l'inertie n'a donc pas le statut d'une
cause ou d'une explication. Inertie etrésistance
au changement. = vieilles
habitudes, indécrottable, vieille tête de mûle, statut quo. /changement.Inertia, Social inertia.
GUHL, A.M. (1968). Social inertia and social stability in
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Inexpertise
: Ce que les savants, les professeurs,
les experts, les entreprises
et les gouvernements
devraient savoir, mais ignorent, de fait, ou refusent de
connaître. EX: Beaucoup d'individus conçoivent
des questionnaires-bidon qui mesurent n'importe quoi et son
contraire, ou encore utilisent des statistiques pour tirer des
conclusions sans procéder à des analyses inférentielles, etc,
alors que l'on sait comment rédiger un bon questionnaire et
analyser les données produites par cet outil. =
pseudo-expert, savant ignare, incompétent diplômé, patron
incompétent.
/expertise.
ARKES, H.R. (2003). The non-use of psychological research
at two federal agencies. Psychological Science, 14,
1-6.
Infaillible : Infaillibilité
: Qui ne peut se tromper ou commettre des erreurs. NDLR
: On dit que le pape est infaillible. Si c'est le
cas, je suggère de modifier la définition de ce concept...
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D.C., UCHIAYAMA, I. & BARBU-ROTH, M. (2005).
Avoidance of heights on the visual cliff in newly
walking infants. Infancy, 7 (3), 285-298.
Infanticide : Mot forgé par la fusion «d'enfant»et «d'homicide».Désigne donc le meurtre
d'un enfant (généralement le sien).
Infanticide.
HAUSFATER, G. & HRDY, S. (Eds.) (1984). Infanticide
comparative and evolutionary perspectives.
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Infant
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Infant
Behavior & Development :Revue
scientifique multidisciplinaire qui se consacre à l'étude
des enfants. Éditeur :
Elsevier.
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Infection
transmissible sexuellement : ITS : Nouveau
terme utilisé pour désigner les MTS (maladies
transmises sexuellement). L'acronyme ITSS renvoie, lui, aux
infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang. (
): Voir tableau ci-bas. Sexually
transmitted diseases.
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Inférence : Inférer
: Le terme a quatre acceptions très voisines : a) Comme
adjectif, il qualifie tous les phénomènes
- de nature scientifique ou non - dont on postule l'existence même
si on ne peut les observer directement ou entièrement. EX
: On infère l'existence d'un esprit dans le cerveau,
l'esprit est donc un phénomène inféré puisqu'on suppose son existence. À défaut d'être directement
observés, les phénomènes inférés doivent pouvoir être observés
indirectement, c-à-d correspondre à des signes visibles ou des indices
bien précis (comportements, réactions physiologiques, symptômes).
Inféré, inobservabilitéetprocessus inféré. =
ce que l'on suppose exister, être vrai, mais que l'on ne peut voir
ou décrire complètement. /avéré,
observé. Inferred. b) Comme
substantif, il désigne aussi la proposition
qui clôture un
raisonnement scientifique ou que l'on formule à partir
d'un certains nombres de faits récurrents. EX:
On dira que la réponse qu'un individu fourni à une multiplication
est une observation indirecte de sa capacité cognitive de calcul
ou qu'oublier son parapluie chez sa psychologue est un indice de
l'existence de l'inconscient. En psychologie, la
pensée, les attitudes, les processus cognitifs et l'inconscient
sont tous des phénomènes inférés. Hélas, chez certains
psychologues, la frontière entre l'inférence et l'hallucination ou
l'acte de foi est quasi-inexistante. Inférence, théorie et
opérationnalisation.
=explication,
construit
hypothétique.Inference, causal inference, scientific
inference. c) En statistique,
il renvoie au raisonnement qui permet au chercheur de généraliser
les résultats de sa recherche, portant sur un échantillon, à
l'ensemble de la population à l'étude. =inférence statistique. Statistical
inference. d) Finalement, en psychologie,
il désigne une affirmation que l'on fait pour expliquer nos
propres comportements et ceux des autres, ou tout autre événement
que l'on cherche à comprendre. Si les scientifiques font
habituellement des inférences avec prudence, on ne peut en dire
autant du commun des mortels qui y a souvent recourt spontanément,
généralement s'en trop rendre compte. En ce sens, il est synonyme d'attribution. Il convient de
préciser que ce type d'inférence ne repose pas toujours sur un raisonnement
cohérent ou précis, ou qui se fonde sur des faits. On peut inférer chez soi ou chez autrui l'existence de toutes sorte de choses (émotions, traits de personnalité, intentions) ou de relation entre des événements ou des comportements.
=attribution,
supposition, inventer une explication, imaginer l'existence d'une chose, supposer l'existence d'une caractéristique.
Social inference, human inference.
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to educate Generation Y nursing students. Journal of
Nursing Education, 46 (12), 562-567.
MILNE, D.L. (1984). Skill evaluation of nurse training in
behaviour therapy. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 12,
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CAI, Z.-X., LI, K. & ZANG, X.-C. (2008). Workplace
stressors and coping strategies among Chinese psychiatric
nurses. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 44, 223-231.
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and replication of a "core-course" in behaviour therapy
for psychiatric nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing,
10, 137-148.L.
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mediating role of burnout. Journal of Nursing
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ability to make clinical judgments. Nursing Health
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spirituality, and religiosity in nurses' coping.
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care : a qualitative metasummary encompassing roles,
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FATHI, A., NASAE, T. & THIANGCHANYA, P. (2012).
Stressors and coping strategies among public hospital
nurses in Medan, Indonesia. Journal of Nursing,
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cheating among nursing students. Nurse Education Today,
33 (4), 346–352.
Inflation
: Hausse des prix des
biens et services,
produite par un déséquilibre entre la quantité de monnaie
disponible et la production des biens et des services. Inflation.
DEATON, A. (1977). Involuntary savings through
unanticipated inflation. American Economic Review, 67,
899-910.
ROUBINI, N. & SALA-I-MARTIN, X. (1995). A growth model
of inflation, tax evasion, and financial repression. Journal
of Monetary Economics, 35, 275-301.
ROCHON, L.-P. & ROSSI, S. (2006). Inflation targeting,
economic performance, and income distribution : a monetary
macroeconomics analysis. Journal of Post Keynesian
Economics, 28 (4), 615-638.
HOLTFREICH, C.-L. (2008). L'inflation en Allemagne
1914-1923 : Causes et conséquences au regard du
contexte international. IGPDE.
ROCHON, L.-P. & SETTERFIELD, M. (2008). The political
economy of interest-rate setting, inflation, and income
distribution. International Journal of Political
Economy, 37 (2), 5-25.
Inflation
des notes/résultats scolaires : Tendance observée chez
les professeursd'université
et de cégep à gonfler sans
raison valables les notes de leurs étudiants
afin d'empêcher ces derniers de se plaindre ou pour donner
l'impression que l'on est un bon professeur ("cool"), que notre enseignement
est de qualité, ou simplement pour faire taire les critiques des
administrations qui ne jurent que par la réussite.
Les procédés pour gonfler les moyennes
sont bien connus : correction globale sans critères d'évaluation
clair et précis, question-bonus, reprise d'examen sans motif
valable, octroi complaisant de la note de passage en fin de
session, examens trop faciles sans rapport avec les objectifs du
cours, matière ou contenu-bidon, test Mickey Mouse, évaluation en
fonction de la tête du client, octroi de note en fonction de
l'effort et non de l'apprentissage, absence de mesures contre le plagiat
et la tricherie, octroi de
note à la participation (et non à l'apprentissage), évaluation
sans rapport avec le contenu réel du cours, etc. =
note gonflée, gonflement des résultats, normalisation des
résultats. Inflated test score, grade
inflation.
McKENZIE, R.B. (1975). The economic effects of grade
inflation on instructor evaluations : A theoretical
approach. Journal of Economic Education, 6 (2),
99-105.
SABOT, R. & WAKEMAN-LINN, J. (1991). Grade inflation
and course choice. Journal of Economic Perspectives,
5 (1), 159-170.
NELSON, J.P. & LYNCH, K.A. (1984). Grade Inflation,
real income, simultaneity, and teaching evaluations. Journal
of Economic Education, 15 (1), 21-37.
WAXMAN, H.C. & WALBERG, H.J. (1991). Effective
teaching : Current research. Berkeley, CA :
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of Economic Education, 19 (3), 217-226.
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problem old norms or teaching the test ? Educational
Measurement : Issues & Practice, 9, 15-22.
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Chronicle of Higher Education, 49 (11), 1-7. [LIRE]
Influence : Le terme a deux significations très voisines
a) En science, l'influence
désigne l'effet à la hausse ou à la baisse d'un phénomène X sur un
phénomène Y ou sur les propriétés de ce phénomène (probabilité,
intensité, formes, durée, etc). EX: La classe
sociale influence la motivation à poursuivre des études
universitaires. Pour certains auteurs, le terme influence
semble moins fort que effet, ce dernier terme
impliquant nécessairement l'existence d'une cause
ou d'un déterminant. Certains
auteurs hésitent également à utiliser le mot influence pour
désigner les facteurs internes qui peuvent influencer un individu
(EX :Les
gènes), préférant réserver ce terme pour désigner
uniquement les facteurs externes (EX :Les
pairs). Finalement, certains auteurs considèrent qu'un seul
un humain peut influencer un autre humains; les objet physiques
n'ont pas cette propriété. NDLR : Dans tous les
cas, le mot influence ou effet est préférable
à impact dont le sens non-physique ne fait pas
l'unanimité chez les spécialistes (Sens physique = l'impact d'une
balle : sens non-physique = impact d'un programme d'intervention,
d'une thérapie). Ainsi, il va de soi que le mot impacter
est à proscrire... même si on l'entend, hélas, à profusion.
= effet, déterminant.
Influence. b) En psychologie
et en sociologie, le
terme renvoie à la capacité d'un individu de modifier le comportement
et les idées d'autrui, capacité qui n'implique pas une
intention, une stratégie
ou un plan.EX: Un
joueur de hockey, en raison de la grande qualité de son jeu,
influence de jeunes enfants à acheter un chandail ou des objets à
l'effigie de son équipe. = influence
sociale. Social influence.
FESTINGER, L., GERARD, H.B., HYMOVITCH, B., KELLEY, H.H.
& RAVEN, B. (1952). The influence process in the
presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5,
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KATZ, E. & LAZARSFELD, P.F. (1955). Personal
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CIALDINI, R.B. (1993/2004). Influence : The
psychology of persuasion/Influence et manipulation :
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TURNER, J.C. (1991). Social influence. Belmont,
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PELAEZ-NOGUERAS, M. (1996). Multiple influences in
behavioral interactions. Behavioral Development, 2,
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Influence
de la majorité/minorité : Dans un groupe,
influence qu'exerce le
sous-groupe en supériorité numérique (majorité) sur les
autres sous-groupes inférieur en nombre (minorité). La durée de
vie de ces sous-groupes varie de très courte (EX:
le temps d'une se prendre une seule décision)
à très longue (EX: Majorité de Québécois-e-es
contre l'indépendance/souveraineté du Québec). Influence, groupe
et pouvoir. =
Le poids du nombre. Majority/minority
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CRANO, W.D. (2000). Social Influence : Effects of leniency
on majority- and minority-induced focal and indirect
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MOSCOVICI, S., LAGE, E. & NAFFRECHOUX, M. (1969).
Influence of a consistent minority on the response of a
majority in a color perception task. Sociometry, 32,
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MARTIN, R. & HEWSTONE, M. (2001). Afterthoughts on
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Influence sociale : En psychologie
et en sociologie, le
terme renvoie à la capacité d'un individu de modifier le comportement
et les idées d'autrui, capacité qui n'implique pas une
intention, une stratégie
ou un plan.EX: Un
joueur de hockey, en raison de la grande qualité de son jeu,
influence de jeunes enfants à acheter un chandail ou des objets à
l'effigie de son équipe. Pour certains psychologue il s'agit d'un
synonyme de pouvoir ou de
contrôle. Certains auteurs
considèrent que le pouvoir
est un acte volontaire et planifié par l'acteur
dans le but de modifier le comportement d'autrui, alors que
l'influence serait inconsciente ou du moins non-intentionelle,
mais il faut bien admettre que, dans les faits, cette distinction
repose sur des indices subtils, souvent difficiles à observer.
Influence sociale, théorie
de l'influence sociale ettechniques
de persuasion.= pouvoir,
effet. Social influence.
FESTINGER, L., GERARD, H.B., HYMOVITCH, B., KELLEY, H.H.
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MUCHIEILLI, A. (2000). L'art d'influence. Armand
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Influx
nerveux : Courant électrique discontinu (impulsion) de
faible intensité qui se propage le long des neurones.
Sa fonction consiste à transmettre les commandes motrices (=
information) du cerveau
aux nerfs moteurs et les
messages sensoriels (= information)
des récepteurs
sensoriels (peau, yeux, oreilles, nez, langue) au cerveau.
La transmission de l'influx nerveux de neurones en neurones est
assurée par les neurotransmetteurs.
La vitesse de propagation
de l'influx varie entre 10 à 100 mètre à la seconde, suivant la
taille du diamètre de la fibre (plus grande = plus vite) et la
présence ou non de myéline (+ vite avec myéline). Chez l'humain,
cette vitesse oscille entre 42 et 49 m/s. Influx nerveux, neuroneetdépolarisation
de la membrane. = activité
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Information
(Bloc) : Unité d'information
signifiante dans la mémoire
à court terme qui peut être composée d'unités plus petites.
EX: Un mot peut être considéré comme un bloc
composé de plusieurs informations, les lettres, mais
habituellement il s'agit d'une seule information.
Chunk, block.
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Information
fausse : Information que l'on tient pour vraie, mais
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False information, misinformation, fake new.
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Information
médicale : Information concernant
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personnelle : Personal
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trompeuse : Procédure exprimentale mis au point par Loftus
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Informatique
: Terme forgé par Dreyfus en 1962 par la juxtaposition
de deux mots information et automatique.
Science appliquée et technologie qui étudie (science appliquée)
et invente (technologie) les règles logiques de programmation
des machines.
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M-C. et MIQUEL, P.-M. (2001). Programme génétique :
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ESCOBAR, M., ARCEDIANO, F. & MILLER, R.R. (2002).
Latent inhibition and contextual associations. Journal
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LOVIBOND, P., PRESTON, G.C. & MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1984).
Contextual control of conditioning and latent inhibition.
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SCHMAJUK, N.A. (2002). Latent inhibition and its
neural substrates : From animal experiments to
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HALL, G. & MINOR, H. (1984). A search for
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ESCOBAR, M., OBERLING, P. & MILLER, R.R. (2002).
Associative deficit accounts of disrupted latent
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HALL, G. & CHANNEL, S. (1986). Context specificity on
latent inhibition in taste aversion learning.
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PETERSON, J.B., SMITH K.W. & CARSON, S. (2002).
Openness and extraversion are associated with reduced
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BARUCH, I., HEMSLEY, D.R. & GRAY, J.A. (1988).Latent
inhibition and “psychotic proneness” in normal subjects. Personality
& Individual Differences, 9, (4) 777-783
CHAMIZO, V.D. & MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1989). Latent
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CARSON, S., PETERSON, J. & HIGGINS, D. (2003).
Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased
creative achievement in high-functioning individuals.
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LUBOW, R.E., INGBERG-SACHS, Y., ZAISTEIN-ORDA, N. &
GEWIRTZ, J.C. (1992). Latent inhibition in low and high
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KILLCROSS, S. & DICKINSON, A. (1996). Contextual
control of latent inhibition by the reinforcer. Quarterly
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VALVERDE, M.R., SORIANO, C.L., GUTIÉRREZ MARTÍNEZ, O.
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RUOB, C., WEINER, I. & FELDON, J. (1998).
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BOUGHNER, R.L., THOMAS, B.L. & PAPINI, M.R. (2004).
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PRADOS, J., CHAMIZO, V.D. & MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1999).
Latent inhibition and perceptual learning in a swimming
pool navigation task. Journal of Experimental
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SCHMAJUK, N.A. (2005). Brain-behaviour relationships in
latent inhibition : a computational model. Neuroscience
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UNDERWOOD, B.J. (1945). The effect of successive
interpolations on retroactive and proactive inhibition. Psychological
Monographs, 59 (3, Whole No. 273).
ENGLE, R.W. (1975). Pupillary measurement and release from
proactive inhibition. Perceptual & Motor Skills,
41, 835-842. [PDF]
KEPPEL, G. & UNDERWOOD, B.J. (1962). Proactive
inhibition in short-term retention of single items. Journal
of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1 (3),
153-161.
WATKINS, O.C. & WATKINS, M.J. (1975). Buildup of
proactive inhibition as a cue-overload effect. Journal
of Experimental Psychology : Human Learning &
Memory, 104, 442-452.
WICKENS, D.D., BORN, D.G. & ALLEN, C.K. (1963).
Proactive inhibition and Item similarity in short-term
memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal
Behavior, 2, 440-445.
ZENTALL, T.R. & HOGAN, D.E. (1977). Short-term
proactive inhibition in the pigeon. Learning &
Motivation, 8, 367-386.
LOESS, H. (1964). Proactive inhibition in short-term
memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal
Behavior, 3 (5), 362-368.
ROBERTS, W.A. & DALE, R.H.I. (1981). Remembrance of
places lasts : Proactive inhibition and patterns of choice
in rat spatial memory. Learning & Motivation,12
(3), 261-281.
ZENTALL, T.R. & HOGAN, D.E. (1974). Memory in the
pigeon : Proactive inhibition in a delayed matchingtask. Bulletin
of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 109-112.
ELCHLEPP, H., LAVRIC, A. CHAMBERS, C.D. & VERBRUGGEN,
F. (2016). Proactive inhibitory control : A general
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27-61.
THOMPSON, M.E. (1949). Reactive inhibition as a factor in maze learning : II. The role of reactive inhibition in studies of place learning vs response learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, (6), 883.
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THOMPSON, M.E. (1952). Reactive inhibition as a factor in maze learning : III. Effects in the human stylus maze. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43, (2), 130-133.
THOMPSON, M.E. (1950).
Reactive inhibition as a factor in maze learning : I. The work variable. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, (1), 131-134.
Inhibition
réciproque : Concept développé par Wolpe
pour expliquer le contre-conditionnement.
Wolpe postule chez certains organismes
l'existence de réponses
émotionnelles incompatibles, elles-mêmes le résultat d'états
organiques opposés, qui rivalisent entre eux pour produire le
comportement qui finira par s'imposer. EX : la
nourriture engendre un état de relaxation (état organique I) à la
longue incompatible avec certains objets ou situation qui
produisent de l'anxiété ou de la peur (état organique II).
Inhibition réciproque etcontre-conditionnement.Reciprocal inhibition.
WOLPE, J. (1954). Reciprocal inhibition as the main basis
of psychotherapeutic effects. Archives of Neurology
& Psychiatry, 72, 205-226.
WOLPE, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal
inhibition. Stanford : Stanford University Press.
BOND, I.K. & HUTCHISON, H.C. (1960). Application of
reciprocal inhibition therapy to exhibitionism.
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 83, 23-25.
HASLAM, M.T. (1965). The treatment of psychogenic
dyspareunia by reciprocal inhibition. British Journal
of Psychiatry, 111, 280-282.
WOLPE, J. (1968). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition.
Conditional Reflex, 3 (4), 234-240.
Inhibition
rétroactive : Processus cognitif qui consiste à oublier (inhiber) une information en mémoire parce qu'une nouvelle information interfère avec elle.
Retroactive
inhibition.
JOST, A. (1897). The strength of associations in their
dependence on the distribution of repetitions. Zeitschrift
fur Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, 16,
436-472.
BAHRICK, H.P. (1970). Discriminative and associative
aspects of retroactive inhibition. Quarterly Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 22, 565-573.
LESTER, O.P. (1932). Mental set in relation to retroactive
inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 681-699.
TULVING, E. & PSOTKA, J. (1971). Retroactive
inhibition in free recall : Inaccessibility of information
available in the memory store. Journal of
Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory &
Cognition, 87, 1-8.
BRITT, J.H. & BUNCH, M.E. (1932). Jost's law and
retroactive inhibition : The relative susceptibility of
association of the same functional strength but of
different age to retroactive inhibition. Washington
: University of Washington.
PELLEGRINO, J.W. (1972). Effects of intralist response
formal similarity upon paired associate transfer and
retroactive inhibition. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 92, 134-142.
UNDERWOOD, B.J. (1945). The effect of successive
interpolations on retroactive and proactive inhibition. Psychological
Monographs, 59 (3, Whole No. 273).
ZENTALL, T.R. (1973). Memory in the pigeon : Retroactive
inhibition in a delayed matching task. Bulletin of
the Psychonomic Society, 1, 126-128.
KEPPEL, G. (1964). Retroactive inhibition of serial lists
as a function of the presence or absence of positional
cues. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal
Behavior, 3, (6), 511-517. [PDF]
BAHRICK, H.P. & REYNOLDS, N. (1966). Retroactive
inhibition and the sensitivity of dichotomous indicants.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 812-819.
Inhibition
sociale : Refus (volontaire et conscient) ou
incapacité d'émettre les comportements
prosociaux qui permettent d'établir des
relations sociales de qualité avec autrui. /desinhibition.
Social inhibition.
ASENDORPF, J.B. (1989). Shyness as a final common pathway
for two different kinds of inhibition. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 57, 481-492.
ASENDORPF, J.B. (1994). The malleability of behavioral
inhibition : A study of individual development functions.
Developmental Psychology, 30 (6), 912-919. [PDF]
RICHMOND-RAKERD, L.S., MOFFITT, T.E., ARSENEAULT, L.,
BELSKY, D.W., CONNOR, J., CORCORAN, D.L., ARRINGTON, H.,
HOUTS, R.M., POULTON, R., PRINZ, J.A., RAMRAKHA, S.,
SUGDEN, K., WERTZ, J., WILLIAMS, B.S. & CASPI, A.
(2020). A polygenic score for age-at-first-birth predicts
disinhibition. Journal of Child Psychology &
Psychiatry,[PDF]
Iniquité
: Différence inacceptable, que l'on ne peut
justifier sur le plan moral
ou judicaire.
= inique, injuste. /équité.
*égalité.Inequity.
ADAMS, J.S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity.
Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 67,
422-436.
FERNSTERMAKER, S. & WEST, C. (2002). Doing
gender, doing difference : Inequality, power, and
institutional change. New York : Routledge.
ADAMS, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L.
Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social
psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). New York :
Academic Press.
BROSNAN, S.F. & DE WAAL, F. (2003). Monkeys reject
unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297-299.
BROSNAN, S.F., SCHIFF, H.C. & DE WAAL, F. (2005).
Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness
in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B : Biological, 272 (1560), 253-258. [PDF]
AUSTIN, W. & WALSTER, E. (1974). Reactions to
confirmations and disconfirmations of expectancies of
equity and inequity. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 30 (2), 108-116. [PDF]
BRÄUER, J., CALL, J. & TOMASELLO, M. (2006). Are apes
really inequity averse ? Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B : Biological, 273, 3123–3128. [PDF]
BENBOW, C.P. & STANLEY, J.C. (1996). Inequity in
equity : How current educational equity policies place
able students at risk. Psychology, Public Policy
& Law, 2, 249-293.
[PDF]
OLSON, K.R., DWECK, C.S., SPELKE, E.S. & BANAJI, M.R.
(2011). Children's responses to group-based inequalities :
Perpetuation and rectification. Social Cognition, 29
(3), 270-287. [PDF]
SCIUTTO, M.J. (1995). Student-centered methods for
decreasing anxiety and increasing interest level in
introductory statistics classes. Journal of
Instructional Psychology, 22, 277-280.
SCIUTTO, M.J. (2002). The method and statistics methods
portfolio : A resource for the introductory course and
beyond. Teaching of Psychology, 29, 213-215.
Initiation
pratique à la méthodologie des sciences humaines : IPMSH
: Au Québec,cours
de niveau collégial dont
l'objectif est d'enseigner la méthode
scientifique et les méthodes
de recherche aux étudiant-e-s des sciences humaines. Ce
cours n'est plus donné au Collégial depuis 2023. =
MRSH.
WESP, R. (1986). Reducing procrastination through required
course involvement. Teaching of Psychology, 13,
128-130.
SCIUTTO, M.J. (2002). The method and statistics methods
portfolio : A resource for the introductory course and
beyond. Teaching of Psychology, 29, 213-215.
MARCHANT, G.J. (2002). Student reading of assigned
articles : Will this be on the test ? Teaching of
Psychology, 29, 49-51.
Initiative
: Au sein d'un groupe ou d'un couple, consiste à
prendre les devants, à être le premier à émettre un comportement,
à faire une chose. NDLR : En ce sens, on peut se
demander s'il s'agit réellement d'un état psychologique puisque,
en l'absence d'un groupe de comparaison, toute forme d'initiative
semble impossible (comme la compétition ou certaines maladies
mentales). Un individu, seul sur une île, pourrait-il prendre
l'initative de quoi ce soit ? Il n'y aurait donc pas d'initative
«dans l'individu» - ce n'est donc pas un état interne - seulement
dans l'oeil de celui qui compare des individus au sein d'un
groupe. L'intiative serait donc une caractéristique attribuée par
comparaison sociale (comme la beauté
?). Intiative et
comparaison sociale.
Injection
: Injection, hôpital et phobie
des seringues.= piqûre,
vaccination. Immunization injection.
BLOUNT, R.L., BACHANAS, P.J., POWERS, S.W., COTTER, M. C.,
RANKLIN, A., CHAPLIN, W., MAYFIELD, J., HENDERSON, M.
& BLOUNT, S.D. (1992). Training children to cope and
parents to coach them during routine immunizations :
Effects on child, parent and staff behaviors. Behavior
Therapy, 23, 689-705.
COHEN, L.L., BERNARD, R.S., GRECO, L.A. & McLELLAN,
C.B. (2002). A child-focused intervention for coping with
procedural pain : Are parent and nurse coaches necessary ?
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27 (8), 749-757.
POWERS, S.W., BLOUNT, R.L., BACHANAS, P.J., COTTER, M.C.
& SWANN, S.C. (1993). Helping preschool leukemia
patients and their parent to cope during injections. Journal
of Pediatric Psychology, 18, 681-695.
MacLAREN, J.E., COHEN, L.L. & COHEN, S. (2007).
Children's behavior during immunization injections : A
principle components analysis. Children's Health
Care, 36 (3), 237-248.
COHEN, L.L., BLOUNT, R.L. & PANOPOULOS, G. (1997).
Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction : An effective and
practical intervention to reduce child, parent, and nurse
distress during immunizations. Journal of Pediatric
Psychology, 22 (3), 355-370.
COHEN, L.L., FANCHER, A., MacLAREN, J.E. & LIM, C.S.
(2006). Correlates of pediatric behavior and distress
during intramuscular injections for invasive dental
procedures. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry,
31, 44-47.
SWEET, S.D. & McGATH, P.J. (1998). Relative importance
of mothers' versus medical staffs' behavior in the
prediction of infant immunization pain behavior. Journal
of Pediatric Psychology, 23, 249-256.
BLOUNT, R.L., DEVINE, K.A., CHENG, P. S., SIMONS, L.E.
& HAYUTIN, L. (2008). The impact of adult behaviors
and vocalizations on infant distress during immunizations.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33 (10),
1163-1174. [PDF]
MANIMALA, M.R., BLOUNT, R.L. & COHEN, L.L. (2000). The
effects of parental reassurance versus distraction on
child distress and coping during immunizations. Children's
Health Care, 29, 161-177.
ASL AMINABABI, A., PURALIBABAB, F., ERFANPARAST, L.,
NAJAFPOUR, E. & JAMALI, Z. (2011). Impact of
temperament on child behavior in the dental setting. Journal
of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, 5
(4), 119-122. [PDF]
Injonction :Ordre formel
qui émane généralement de la cour,
de faire ceci ou de cesser de faire cela, que l'on doit
respecter sous peine de sanctions.Injunction.
Injustice
: Inégalitéentre deux ou plusieurs personnes/groupes que l'on ne
peut moralement justifier ou que l'on attribue à de fausses
raisons./justice.Injustice.
DEUTSCH, M. (1979). An exploratory study of the meanings
of injustice and frustration. Personality &
Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 393-401.
MILLER, D.T. & McCANN, D.C. (1979). Children's
reactions to the victims and perpetrators of injustices.
Child Development, 50, 861-868.
ADAMS, J.P. & DRESSLER, W.W. (1988). Perceptions of
injustice in a Black community. Human Relations, 41,
753-767.
OPTOW, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice : An
introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46 (1),
1-20.
DEGELMAN, D., ABERTSON OWENS, S.A., REYNOLDS, T. &
RIGGS, J. (1991). Age and gender differences in beliefs
about personal power and injustice. International
Journal of Aging & Human Development, 33, 101-111.
MILLER, D.T. (2001). Disrespect and the psychology of
injustice. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 527-553.
RHODE, D.L. (2010). The beauty bias : The injustice
of appearance in life and law. New York : Oxford
University Press.
Inné : Terme issu du latin in qui signifie
"dans" et natus qui veut dire "né". Que l'on a en
naissant (programme génétique) et qui se développe sans
l'influence du milieu (le milieu joue parfois un rôle de
déclencheur). Qui est programmé par les gènes pour se développer
suivant un rythme et une forme particulière (organes,
caractéristiques morphologiques, etc). EX: La
capacité d'apprentissage est innée; le réflexe salivaire; le
caractère appétitif du sucre. Bien que présentes à la
naissance, les caractéristiques innées peuvent s'exprimer à tout
moment (EX: puberté à l'adolescence). EX:
modification du flux hormonal à l'adolescence, baisse de la vue ou
de la réponse sexuelle chez l'adulte. Certaines propriétés du
cerveau - comme le langage - seraient préformés mais auraient
besoin pour s'exprimer d'être stimulées ou déclenchés par le
milieu (qui joue donc un rôle secondaire). EX:
Chomsky compare le langage à une pellicule photographique
(structure préformée ou compétence) qui a besoin d'un bain d'acide
(milieu) pour s'exprimer sous forme de mots et de phrase
(performance). La plupart des caractéristiques innées sont
héréditaires, donc déterminés par les gènes, mais certaines sont
acquises dans l'utérus (donc sans influence de l'environnement
physique ou social, au sens strict). EX:
Reconnaissance de la voix ou des odeurs maternelles. Pour cette
raison, certains auteurs considèrent que ce concept n'est pas
synonyme d'hérédité. Inné etproblème
de l'innée et de l'acquis. = congénital, naturel.
*hérédité./acquis,
expérience ou apprentissage.
( ): Tableau ci-bas.
Nature, innate, innate character, innate behaviour patterns, genetic differences.
VALENTINE, C.W. (1930). The innate bases of fear. Journal
of Genetic Psychology, 37, 394-419.
DURANT, J.R. (1981). Innate character in animal and man :
A perspective on the origins of ethology. In C. Webster
(Ed.), Biology, medicine and society 1840-1940.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
TRYON, R.C. (1940). Genetic differences in maze-learning
ability in rats. Yearbook of the National Society for
the Study of Education, 39 (1), 111-119.
SAFIR, M.P. (1985). The effects of nature or of nurture on
sex differences in intellectual functioning : Israeli
Findings. Sex Roles, 14, 581-590.
LORENZ, K. (1950). The comparative method in studying
innate behaviour patterns. Symposium of the Society
of Experimental Biology, 4, 221-268.
TOOBY, J. & COSMIDES, L. (1989). The innate versus the
manifest : How universal does universal have to be ? Behavioral
& Brain Sciences, 12, 36-37. [PDF]
VERPLANCK, W.S. (1955). Since learned behavior is innate,
and vice versa, what now ? Psychological Review, 62,
139-144.
PLOMIN, R. & McCLEARN, G.E. (Ed.) (1993). Nature,
nurture, and psychology. Washington, D.C. :
American Psychological Association.
LORENZ, K. (1970). Évolution et modification du
comportement : l'inné et l'acquis. Paris :
Éditions Payot.
ELMAN, J.L., BATES, E. A, JOHNSON, M. H.,
KARMILOFF-SMITH, A., PARISI, D. & PLUNKETT, K. (1996).
Rethinking innateness : A connectionist perspective on
development. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
EIBL-EIBESFELDT, I. (1972). L'Homme programmé :
L'inné, facteur déterminant du comportement humain. Paris
: Éditions Flammarion.
KAGAN, J. (1999). La part de l'inné; temperament et
nature humaine. Paris : Bayard.
RICHARDS, R.J. (1974). The innate and the learned : The
evolution of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinct. Philosophy
of the Social Sciences, 4, 111-133.
GRIFFITHS, P. (2002). What is innateness ? The
Monist, 85 (1), 70-85. [PDF]
Innéisme
:Doctrine qui
attribue à nos gènes un rôle
déterminant ou essentiel dans l'explication
d'un certain nombre de phénomènes psychologiques (intelligence,
agressivité, différences sexuelles, rôles sexuels, langage).
= nativisme. Theory of innate ideas.
CHOMSKY, N. (1967). Recent contributions to the theory of
innate ideas. Synthese, 17, 2-11.
TOOBY, J. & COSMIDES, L. (1989). The innate versus the
manifest : How universal does universal have to be ? Behavioral
& Brain Sciences, 12, 36-37.
ELMAN, J., BATES, E., JOHNSON, M.H., KARMILOFF-SMITH, A.,
PARISI, D. & PLUNKETT, K. (1996). Rethinking
innateness : A connectionist perspective on development.
Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
Innocence
(Présomption) : La présomption
d'innocence est un concept juridique, une notion du droit
criminel, mais, comme le «doute raisonnable», il fait l'objet
d'études en psychologie qui cherchent à comprendre comment les
individus utilisent ce concept pour prendre une décision ou
formuler une opinion, un avis. En effet, la présomption
d'innoncence oblige à suspendre temporairement son jugement
- le temps qu'une enquête officielle se déroule - afin d'amasser
toutes les informations nécessaires (la preuve) à l'examen
impartial d'une situation (un meurtre, par exemple). Cette
suspension du jugement consiste à réprimer sur le plan verbal et
public ses premières impressions, son sentiment profond, son
intime conviction, bref ce que l'on ressent et qui nous porte à
croire que notre jugement est vrai, fondé. De plus, cette
suspension - à l'issue de l'enquête de police - nous confronte à
la possiblité que nous ayons tort, que tout ce que l'on croit soit
faux. En ce sens, on pourrait dire que le respect individuel de ce
principe témoigne d'une grande maîtrise intellectuelle, un peu
comme si l'on se disait : «Je crois avoir raison - X est coupable
- mais il se peut néanmoins que j'ai tort - X est innocent - donc
je vais attendre, suspendre mon jugement le temps d'en savoir
plus».
Innocuité : Qualité d'un médicament
ou d'une thérapie qui
n'est pas nuisible pour le client/patient/malade, qui ne présente
aucun effet secondaire
majeur. NDLR : Attention, innocuité ne signifie
pas «efficace». Les produits homéopathiques ne présentent
généralement aucun effet secondaire - leur innocuité est avérée,
ce qui ne signifie pas qu'ils ont des effets premiers, qu'ils sont
efficaces ! *efficacité.
/toxicité.
Innovation
: Solutiontechnologique
ou comportementale nouvelle, généralement considérée comme
efficace, parfois à un vieux
problème. On observe des innovations chez de nombreuses
espèces. Innovation, découverte
etcréativité.
= amélioration.
Innovation, innovator.
STOLTZ, S.B. (1981). Adoption of innovations from applied
behavioral research : « Does anybody care ? ». Journal
of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 491-505. [PDF]
CHEN, G. & TJOSVOLD, D. (2005). Conflict management
for effective top management teams and innovation in
China. Journal of Management Studies, 42 (2),
277-300.
KING, L. (1981). Comment on : « Adoption of innovations
from applied behavioral research : « Does anybody care ?
»». Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14 (4),507-511. [PDF]
SULLOWAY, F.J. (2009). Sources of scientific innovation :
A meta-analytic approach (Commentary on Simonton, 2009).
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 455-459.
LEONARD, D. & SENSIPER, S. (1998). The role of tacit
knowledge in group innovation. California Management
Review, 40, 112-132.
MORAND-FERRON, J.,
COLE, E.F., RAWLES, J.E.C. & QUINN, J.L. (2011). Who
are the innovators ? A field experiment with two passerine
species. Behavioral Ecology, 22,
1241-1248.
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Innus
: Autochtone.= Montagnais, Montagnais-Naskapis,
innut, être humain.
VINCENT, S. (1975). L'espace montagnais, non pays
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Inobservable : Inobservabilité
: En science,
état d'un phénomène dont
on ne peut observer
l'existence (en tout ou en partie), pour diverses raisons, et qui
doit donc, de ce fait, être décrit autrement. (
): Voir tableau ci-bas. /observable.
Unobserved variable, inobservability.
Inférer
son existence et observer ses manifestations
(comportement, indice, symptome) jusqu'au jour où on
découvrira une méthode/technique pour l'observer.
Inférer
son existence et observer ses manifestations
(comportement, indice, symptôme)
CARMINES, E.G. & McIVER, J.P. (1983). An introduction
to the analysis of models with unobserved variables. Political
Methodology, 9, 51-102.
Inobservabilité
éthique : En science,
principe selon lequel certains phénomènes
sont inobservables ou s'observent
difficilement en raison de leur caractère privé ou intime.
EX: Masturbation. =
Inaccessibilité.
Inobservabilité
méthodologique : En science,
principe selon lequel certains phénomènes
sont inobservables ou s'observent diificilement en raison de
l'effet intrusif des méthodes
d'observation (présence d'un observateur, caméra et micro
intimidants, etc.). EX: La sexualité d'un couple
est un phénomène difficile à observer car l'utilisation de caméra,
on le sait, modifie le comportement
naturel des participants.= Inaccessibilité.
Inobservabilité
pratique : En science,
principe selon lequel un phénomène,
bien qu'observable, ne peut être entièrement observé (tous
les cas) en raison de son trop grand nombre de cas. EX :
On peut observer que les éléphant du zoo de Granby sont gris (donc
pénomème en partie observable), mais il serait impossible
d'observer tous les éléphants de la terre pour s'assurer qu'ils
sont tous bel et bien de cette couleur. On dira donc qu'en
pratique tous les éléphants sont inobservables, même si dans les
faits, avec du temps, de l'argent et de nombreux efforts, on
pourrait sans doute les dénombrer (recenser)
et vérifier leur couleur. Pour contourner ce problème, le
chercheur doit faire une hypothèse
et la confronter, grâce à la méthode scientifique, à un certains
nombre de cas. = Phénomène long à
observer.
Inobservabilité
technique : En science,
principe selon lequel certains phénomènes
observables échappent présentement à l'observation pour des
raisons techniques c-à-d qu'ils sont en soi observables, mais
l'outil pour les observer n'a pas encore été inventé ou n'est pas
encore au point. EX: Le microscope a permis
d'observer les neurones qui, avant la mise au point de cette
technique, étaient techniquement inobservables.
Pour certains psychologues, l'esprit est techniquement
inobservable; on ne peut actuellement l'observer, mais, selon eux,
un jour des chercheurs y parviendront. =
phénomène difficile ou compliqué à observer.
Inobservabilité
théorique : En science,
principe selon lequel certains phénomènes sont par essence inobservable,
peu importe les moyens mis en oeuvre pour les observer. EX:
L'esprit est pour de nombreux théoriciens théoriquement
inobservable. On ne peut actuellement l'observer et on ne pourra
jamais le faire car le phénomène est en soi
inobservable.= Phénomène
invisible.
Inoculation
sociale : Consiste à préparer une personne à résister
aux arguments d'autrui en lui fournissant des parades et des
contre-arguments efficaces (même s'ils sont faux...). EX:
Les Témoins de Jehovah sont inoculés contre les arguments
évolutionnistes. NDLR : Testez l'argument
suivant lors de leur prochaine visite : "Oui, mais il existe des
fossiles qui attestent de l'évolution des espèces...".
= inoculation psychosociale.
Inoculation,
inoculation theory.
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Inquiétude
:Attente qui
se caractérise par l'appréhension d'un danger imminent, réel ou
non, d'une difficulté que l'on croit insurmontable ou d'un
problème complexe, difficile à résoudre. Pour certains auteurs,
l'inquiétude serait le pendant cognitif (on pense) de l'anxiété
(on ressent). Inquiétude, anxiété
et trouble de l'anxiété.= crainte. Worry.
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(2), 465-471.
Insécable : Qui ne peut être divisé ou séparé en élément plus petit. NDLR : On a longtemps cru que l'atome
était insécable; ce n'est plus le cas aujourd'hui puisque protons
et neutrons forment le noyau atomique.
= indivisible, non-segmentable Indivisible
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Insécurité
: État désagréable de celui ou de celle qui ne
parvient pas à prédire le risque
ou à éviter le changement.
Lorsqu'elle perdure, l'insécurité créé du stress.
Insécurité et travail.Insecurity.
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Inscription
corporelle de l'esprit :Embodied
mind.
VARELA, F., THOMPSON, E. & ROSCH, E. (1991/93). The
embodied mind : Cognitive science and human experience /
L'inscription corporelle de l'esprit : sciences
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MIT Press/Paris : Éditions du Seuil.
Insight : Compréhension soudaine et
intuitive d'une situation ou prise de conscience-éclair de
la solution à un problème. Ce
concept a été développé par Bühler
et appliqué aux comportements de résolution de problème des
singes par Köhler. Insight,
expérience de type
aha. = eureka !
Insight.
KOHLER, W. (1917/25). The mentality of ape. London
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Insolubilité
scientifique : Nature d'un problème
qui ne peut être résolu par les voies
normales de la science.EX: Montrer
l'influence des anges sur la prise de décision de certains
politiciens. /solubilité scientifique.
Insomnie
: Trouble
du sommeil qui se traduit
par des difficultés à s'endormir, par la présence de cauchemars
répétés ou par l'absence de périodes de sommeil suffisamment
longues pour permettre à l'individu de récupérer (privation
de sommeil).= ne pas faire ses
nuits, tourner dans son lit, compter des moutons. Insomnie, privation
de sommeil etfatigue.
Insomnia, chronic insomnia.
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Institut de Psychologie de l'Université de Montréal : Il s'agit
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Institute
for Scientific Information : ISI : Entreprise
fondée en 1958 par Garfield,
chargée d'indexer et d'évaluer les revues
scientifiques. Le classement des revues qui résulte de cette
évaluation est publié dans le Journal
Citation reports. Ce classement permet d'évaluer
l'importance ou la valeur des articles
scientifiques (NDLR : mais pas
nécessairement leur qualité). = Thomson
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Institution
:Organisation
reconnue pour son rôle essentiel au sein de la société.
Cette organisation peut-être informelle (EX: la
famille) ou formelle (EX: le gouvernement),
privée (EX: Bombardier) ou publique (EX:
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Instruction
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En psychologie, on
définit l'instruction par sa fonction
- guider le comportement
ou l'apprentissage d'un comportement ou d'une connaissance
- et non par sa structure ou sa nature. L'instruction est donc un
comportement verbal
ou une séquence de symboles ou
de codes (information)
qui oriente et guide l'apprentissage.
Elle peut être génétiquement programmée (code
génétique) ou acquise (règle
verbale). = règle, règle de
contingence, commande, renseigenment. b) En informatique,
l'instruction est une série de bits codés dans un programme qui
ordonne à un ordinateur
l'exécution d'une opération-machine. =
élément d'un programme.
Instruction.
a
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TORGESEN, J.K., ALEXANDER, A.W., WAGNER, R.K., RASHOTTE,
C.A., VOELLER, K., CONWAY, T. & ROSE, E. (2001).
Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe
reading disabilities : Immediate and long-term outcomes
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MAYER, R.E. (2003). Learning and instruction.
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KELLER, F.S. (1974). Ten years of personalized
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HEMPENSTALL, K (2004). The importance of effective
instruction. In N.E. Marchand-Martella, T.A. Slocum, and
R.C. Martella (Eds.), Introduction to direct
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GELLER, E.S., WITMER, J.F. & ORABAUGH, A.L. (1976).
Instructions as a determinant of paper- disposal
behaviors. Environment & Behavior, 8,
417-438.
BULLOCK, C. & NORMAND, M.P. (2006). The effects of a
high-probability instruction sequence and response-
independent reinforcer delivery on child compliance.
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instruction : Principles and applications. New York
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SCHLUND, M.V. & CATALDO, M.F. (2007). Occipitoparietal
contributions to recognition memory : stimulus encoding
prompted by verbal instructions and operant contingencies.
Behavioral & Brain Functions, 3 [44],
1-11.
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cognitive aptitude for learning from instruction.
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ZALUAGA, C.A. & NORMAND, M.P. (2008). An evaluation of
the high-probability instruction sequence with and without
programmed reinforcement for compliance wuth
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RORTVEDT, A.K. & MILTENBERGER, R.G. (1994). Analysis
of a high-probability instructional sequence and time out
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Applied Behavior Analysis, 27 (2), 327-330. [PDF]
HANDLEY, S.J., NEWSTEAD, S.E. & TRIPPAS, D. (2016).
Logic, beliefs, and instruction : A test of the default
interventionist account of belief biais. Journal of
Experimental Psychology : Learning Memory &
Cognition, 37 (1), 28-43.
LANDA, L.N. (1983). The algo-heuristic theory of
instruction. In C.M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design
theories and models : An overview of their current
status (pp. 163-211). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
AYLLON, T. & AZRIN, N.H. (1964). Reinforcement and
instructions with mental patients. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 7 (4), 327-331.
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ZAHAVI, S. & ASHER, S.R. (1978). The effect of verbal
instructions on pre-school children's aggressive behavior.
Journal of School Psychology, 16, 146-153.
SWELLER, J. (2004). Instructional design consequences of
an analogy between evolution by natural selection and
human cognitive architecture. Instructional
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Instrument
de mesure : Objet mécanique et électronique conçu pour
mesurer ou évaluer
de manière indirecte, précise et systématique un phénomène, y
compris certaines propriétés de ce phénomènes. EX:
Un chronomètre permet de mesurer la durée d'un comportement de
jeu. Intrument de mesure, dispositif
expérimental etoutiil
de mesure. = appareil. Instrument.
ACKERMAN, R. (1985). Data, instruments, and theory.
Princeton : Princeton University Press.
HACKING, I. (1989). The life of instruments. Studies
in the History & Philosophy of Science, 20,
265-279.
ALLAIRE, D. & LAURENCELLE, L. (1998). Comparaison
Monte Carlo de la précision de six estimateurs de la
variance d'erreur d'un instrument de mesure. Lettres
Statistiques, 10, 27-50.
STURM, T. & ASH, M.G. (2005). Roles of instruments in
psychological research. History of Psychology, 8
(1), 3-34.
GUNDLACH, H. (2007). What is a psychological instrument ?
In M.G Ash and T. Sturm (Eds.), Psychology's
territories : Historical and contemporary perspectives
from different disciplines (pp. 195-224). Mahwah,
N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Instrument
d'observation : Objet mécanique et électronique conçu
pour observer de manière
systématique et précise les phénomènes, y compris certaines
propriétés des phénomènes psychologiques. EX:
Une labyrinthe permet d'observer le comportement d'un rat, tandis
qu'une caméra vidéo permet d'observer à distance le jeu chez de
jeunes enfants. Instrument d'observation, outil
d'observationetparamètres.
Instrumentaliser
: Ce terme possède au moins trois acceptions,
péjoratives, sauf la dernière : a) Dans certain
cas, notamment en sciences
politiques, ce terme désigne l'action qui consiste à dévoyer
un individu vers un but dont il ignore la finalité et les
conséquences néfastes pour lui à long terme. L'individu devient
alors le rouage d'un mécanisme dont il n'a pas conscience. Dans un
complot, par exemple, plusieurs acteurs peuvent être
instrumentalisés, donc faire partie d'une machination dont ils
ignorent l'objectif réel. On peut également détourner un objet de sa
fonction initiale pour en faire l'instrument de nos propres
intérêts. Instrumentaliser etterrorisme.b) En psychologie
organisationnelle, on utilise le terme pour qualifier des
relations de travail
davantage centrées sur l'efficacité
et le rendement que sur la cordialité et la bonne entente (on
parle alors de leader
centré sur la tâche plutôt que sur la personne et les rapports
humains); c) En psychologie
du développement, le terme renvoie à la capacité
acquise progressivement par l'adolescent et le jeune adulte à
prendre ses responsabilités et à combler ses besoins
plutôt que de s'en remettre à ses parents pour les assumer et les
satisfaire. = indépendance, autonomie.
Instrumentalisme
:Doctrine
philosophique qui postule que les
théories scientifiques ne sont pas le reflet plus ou moins
fidèles de la réalité (réalisme), mais des instruments dont
l'objectif premier est de prédire
et de contrôler la réalité.
Pour les intrumentalistes, la prédiction et le contrôle de la
réalité prime sur l'explication./realisme.
( ): Dennett,Duhem.Instrumentalism.
TOULMIN, S.E. (1953). The philosophy of science;
develops an instrumentalist view. London :
Hutchinson's University Library.
CACIOPPO, J.T., SEMIN, G.R. & BERNTSON, G.G. (2004).
Realism, instrumentalism, and scientific symbiosis :
Psychological theory as a search for truth and the
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Insulte
: Toute chose dite qui a pour but de suciter chez
autrui de la colère.
Insulte.
WEST, C. & ZIMMERMAN, D.H. (1983). Small insults : A
study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between
unaquainted persons. In B. Thorned, C. Kramarae & N.
Henley (Eds.), Language, gender and society (pp.
102–-117). Rowley, MA : Newbury House.
Insurrection : insurgé : Qui s'oppose ouvertement au pouvoir,
parfois avec violence, avec ou sans raison/cause. =
révolte. Insurrection.
FRISCH, E. (2011). Insurgencies are organizations too :
Organizational structure and the effectiveness of
insurgent strategy. Peace & Conflict Review, 6
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Intégration : Fusion homogène, cohérente et fonctionnelle de deux
ou plusieurs choses. Il peut s'agir de deux points de vue, de deux
idées, de deux cultures, deux entreprises, etc. =
assimilation. /désintégration. Integration.
Intégration des immigrants : Ce concept décrit
deux facettes d'une même réalité; une première, celle de la
société d'accueil et de ses ressources
et politiques pour aider les nouveaux arrivants; une seconde,
celle des immigrants et
de leurs efforts pour s'adapter à leur nouvelle réalité.
Integration.
HAUSERMAN, N., WALEN, S.R. & BEHLING, M. (1973).
Reinforced racial integration in the first grade : a study
in generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior
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majorité francophone du Québec : l'apport de l'école. In
Dans Le français en tête, Actes du colloque sur
l'apprentissage du français. Québec : Gouvernement
du Québec.
Intégration
multisensorielle : Désigne la fusion d'informations
provenant d'au moins deux modalités sensorielles
différentes en un tout cohérent qui permet au cerveau
de percevoir clairement
l'objet sur lequel il fixe
son attention.=
Intégration multimodale. multisensory systems,
Intersensory redundancy, multimodal redundancy, cross-species
intersensory perception, cross-modal links.
WALKER-ANDREWS, A.S. (1986). Intermodal perception of
expressive behaviors : Relation of eye and voice ? Developmental
Psychology, 22, 373-377.
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multimodal sensory stimulation in early development :
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BAHRICK, L.E., LICKLITER, R. & FLOM, R. (2004).
Intersensory redundancy guides the development of
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WALKER-ANDREWS, A.S. (1997). Infants' perception of
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437-456.
LEWKOWICZ, D.J. & KRAEBEL, K.S. (2004). The value of
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LEWKOWICZ, D.J. (2000). The development of intersensory
temporal perception : An epigenetic systems/limitations
view. Psychological Bulletin, 126 (2), 281-308.
LEWKOWICZ, D.J., SOWINSKI, R. & PLACE, S. (2008). The
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infants : Underlying mechanisms and its developmental
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LICKLITER, R. & BAHRICK, L.E. (2000). The development
of infant intersensory perception : Advantages of a
comparative, convergent-operations approach.
Psychological Bulletin, 126, 260-280.
LEWKOWICZ, D.J. & GHAZANFAR, A.A. (2009). The
emergence of multisensory systems through perceptual
narrowing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13
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+ [PDF]
Intégration
neuro-émotionnelle par les mouvements oculaires : INEMO :Pseudotherapie
développée par Shapiro pour traiter les traumatismes
en tout genre, y compris le syndrome
post-traumatique. EMDR, Eye
Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing.
SHAPIRO, S. (1991). Eye movement desensitization &
reprocessing procedure : From EMD to EMDR/R-a new
treatment model for anxiety and related traumata. Behavior
Therapist, 14, 133-135.
HERBERT, J.D.,
LILIENFELD, S.O., LOHR, J.M., MONTGOMERY, R.W., O'DONOHUE,
W.T., ROSEN, G.M. & TOLIN, D.F. (2000). Science and
pseudoscience in the development of eye movement
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LOHR, J.M., KLEINKNECHT, R.A., CONLEY, A.T., DAL CERRO,
S., SCHMIDT, J. & SONNTAG, M. (1992). A methodological
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effectiveness of EMDR versus relaxation training with
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for treating PTSD : A single-subject analysis.
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DAVIDSON, P.R. & PARKER, K.C.H. (2001). Eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) : A meta-analysis.
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305-316.
RENFREY, G. & SPATES, R.C. (1994). Eye movement
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DAVIDSON, P.R. & PARKER, K.C. (2001). Eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) : a meta-analysis.
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LOHR, J., KLEINKNECHT, R., TOLIN, D. & BARRETT, R.
(1995). The empirical status of the clinical application
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PERKINS, B. & ROUANZOIN, C. (2002). A critical
evaluation of current views regarding eye movement
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ROSEN, G. (1995). On the origin of eye movement
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GAUDIANO, B.A. (2002). EMDR and the media : Is change in
the wind ? The Scientific Review of Mental Health
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Intégrisme
: Idéologie qui
consiste à agir selon la tradition (écrite ou orale), et sans en
déroger d'aucune manière (ce qui explique sans doute le sens péjoratif
du terme). NDLR : Le mot n'est pas
synonyme de violence, ni même d'extrême, même si, par ailleurs les
mouvements intégristes y ont souvent recours. =radical.
AOUN, S. (2007). Aujourd'hui, l'islam : fractures,
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BURNETT, D.D., RUDOLPH, L. & CLIFFORD, K.O. (Eds.)
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Intellectica :Revue
scientifique multidisciplinaire qui se consacre à l'étude de
l'intelligence. Éditeur : Intellectica & Association
pour la Recherche Cognitive.
JAMET, F., LEGROS, D. & PUDELKO, B. (2004). Dessin
et discours : construction de la représentation de la
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Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities (IDD) :Revue scientifique
multidisciplinaire qui se consacre à l'étude de la déficience
intellectuelle. Éditeur : American Association of
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
VAN DER VEEK, S.M.C., KRAAIJ, V. & GAMERSKI, N.
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Intellectualisation
: Mécanisme
de défense qui consiste à transformer un problème auquel on
ne veut pas faire face en un problème très abstrait, plus lointain
et surtout moins menaçant. EX: On peut
intellectualiser sa pulsion agressive contre son patron en
écrivant un livre en trois tomes sur la violence symbolique de la
civilisation post-moderne ou en rédigeant un méticuleux et
soporifique lexique de psychologie. Intellectualization,
isolation of affect.
Intellectuel
: Individu qui
a un intérêt marqué pour la connaissance (science, arts,
politique, littérature, etc.), et qui défend ses idées, même si
elles ne sont pas toujours populaires ou partagés par ses amis.
Pour Sartre, l'intellectuel
est : «quelqu'un qui se mêle de ce qui ne le regarde pas». /anti-intellectuel.
Intellectual.
ARON, R. (1955). L'opium des intellectuels.
Paris : Calmann-Lévy.
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93-99.
PARSONS, T. (1969). The intellectual : A social role
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SHAFFER, L.S. (1977). The golden fleece
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BAUMAN, Z. (2007). La décadence des intellectuels.
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WRIGHT, E.O. (1979). Intellectuals and the class structure
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[PDF]
Intellectualisme
(Anti-) : Anti-intellectualism.
JOSEPH, J. (2002). "Anti-intellectualism" and genetics.
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Intellectuel
(Quotient) : QI : Calcul de l'intelligence
élaboré par Stern,
qui consiste à diviser l'âge
mental (Am) du sujet par son âge
chronologique (Ac) et à multiplier le tout par 100 (pour
éviter les décimales). De nombreux psychologues contestent l'usage
et l'interprétation de ces tests. Selon eux, ces tests ne mesurent pas l'intelligence. Ils seraient par contre de bons indicateurs de la réussite scolaire.
En revanche, un groupe de 52
psychologues a réitéré sa confiance et son intérêt dans le
concept et la mesure de l'intelligence. EX: le
WAIS est un test qui évalue le
quotient intellectuel. QI, psychométrie
ettest
d'intelligence. = QI. Intelligence
Quotient, IQ, intelligence score.
QI = Am/Ac x 100
QI
Évaluation
< =
25
Déficience
mentale profonde
26 à 40
Déficience
mentale sévère
41 à 55
Déficience
mentale modérée
56 à 70
Déficience
mentale légère
71 à 85
Déficience
mentale limite
86 à
115
Intelligence
moyenne
116 et
+
Intelligence
supérieure
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Intemporel
: Le terme a deux significations : a) On
l'utilise pour qualifier les individus ou les phénomènes sur
lesquels le temps n'a en apparence pas de prise. =
qui échappe aux affres du temps; b) En science, on
l'utilise pour qualifer les théories qui sont vraies en tout
temps, peu importe l'époque ou le moment. Intemporel, universeleten tout
monde en tout temps.
Intension
: En logique, ensemble des propriétés nécessaires et
suffisantes pour inclure un objet à l'intérieur d'une classe, d'un
concept.EX:
pour un enfant x, un chien est un chien s'il a les propriétés
suivantes : 1) du poil; 2) quatre pattes; 3) il fait wouf.
Intension etextension.
= définition, signification, compréhension. Intension.
Exemple
: Concept de chien chez une enfant de 3 ans
Intension
1) qui a quatre pattes
2) qui a du poil
3) qui fait wouf
Synonyme d'intension : définition personnelle
Extension
Mon
chihuahua Quick Le chien du voisin Brutus
Synonyme
d'extension : exemple
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"Cette douleur est intense") d'un stimulus
(EX: cet incendie est violent) ou d'un
comportement (EX: je m'éloigne rapidement)
ou de tout autre variable.
La nature de cette variation est fonction de l'objet d'étude (un
sentiment, une émotion, l'effort, etc.) et de l'outil de mesure et
d'évaluation qui permet d'en saisir l'ampleur.
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plan avant de mener à une conduite. On utilise également le
mot dessein pour désigner une intention claire et précise d'agir.
Précède parfois le
comportement. Pour les béhavioristes, il s'agit alors d'une
règle de contingence. = attitude,
intention de comportement, but, dessein, plan. Intention,
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Interaction : Effet d'interaction : Effet
réciproque entre deux ou plusieurs variables
indépendantes dont les effets sur la variable
dépendante se conjugent ou s'annulent. L'interaction est
réciproque mais pas nécessairement symétrique. Interaction, interaction
effect.
WILSON, T.P. (1970). Conceptions of interaction and forms
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SELIGMAN, M.E.P. & BINIK, Y.M. (1977). The safety
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ROSNOW, R.L. & ROSENTHAL, R. (1991). If you're looking
at the cell means, you're not looking at only the
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discrete variables. Methodika, 6, 76-85.
COX, D.R. (1984). Interaction. International
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ROSNOW, R.L. & ROSENTHAL, R. (1995). "Some things you
learn aren't so" : Cohen's paradox, Asch's paradigm, and
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Interaction
pensée/émotion : Influence des émotions
sur la pensée, et
réciproquement. On utilse le mot biais cognitif pour désigner
l'influence négative des émotions sur la pensée et le
raisonnement, et régulation des émotions pour désigner le
"pouvoir" de la pensée sur nos émotions.
Interactive
effects of personality and mood.
RUSTING, C.L. (1998). Personality, mood, and cognitive
processing of emotional information : Three conceptual
frameworks. Psychological Bulletin, 124 (2),
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RUSTING, C.L. (1999). Interactive effects of personality
and mood on emotion-congruent memory and judgment. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 77 (5),
1073-1086.
Interaction gène/environnement : Ensemble des effets combinés des
gènes et de l'environnement
sur le développement,
les problèmes de santé mentales, les comportements agressifs, etc.
Intéraction et problème de l'innée et de l'acquis.
=
relation gène-milieu, interaction gènes-milieu, ineraction
gène-culture.
Gene-environment interactions,
gene-environment interplay, gene-environment interface,
gene-environment interplay.
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Interaction
humain/machine : Influence de la machine,
notamment l'ordinateur,
sur le comportement et
la pensée des humains.Man-machine system, human-computer
interaction, human-robot interaction.
MUIR, B.M. (1987). Trust between humans and machines and
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Interaction sociale : Type de relation
sociale qui se déroule entre au moins deux individus,
qui échange des informations sans forcément établir une relation
stable. =relation
sociale. Social interaction,
interpersonal reaction.
RAPOPORT, A. (1963). Mathematical models of social
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EKEHAMMAR, B. (1974). Interactionism in personality from a
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Interactionisme symbolique :Perspective
sociologique développée par Blumer,
qui affirme que : 1) les individus se
comportent à l'égard des objets
et des autres individus en fonction du sens qu'ils accordent à ces
objets/personnes (= symbolisme); 2) Ce sens ou
cette signification se développe à partir des interactions que
l'on entretient avec autrui (= interactionisme). (
):Blumer,Denzin,Goffman,Lebreton,
Mead, Strauss.Symbolic
interactionism.
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Interdit : Interdiction : Ce qu'une
société ou un groupe
considère comme inacceptable ou refuse de considérer comme normal.
Autrement dit, c'est tout ce qu'on ne doit pas faire sous peine de
sanction (interdiction) ou de desapprobabtion sociale (interdit).Prohibition.
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RENNINGER, K.A. & SU, S. (2012). Interest and its
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CABOT, I. & LÉVESQUE, M.C. (2014). Avec les TIC, ça
clique! : Stimuler l'intérêt des collégiens par
l'intégration des TIC en classe. Pédagogie
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SAUNDERS, S.A. & ROY, C. (1999). The
relationship between depression, satisfaction with life,
and social interest. South Pacific Journal of
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SAUBDERS, S.A. & ROY, C. (1999). The
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and social interest. South Pacific Journal of
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KRAPP, A. (1999). Interest, motivation and learning : An
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ABBOTT, R., MICKAIL, T., RICHARDS, T., RENNINGER, K. A.,
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Understanding interest and self-efficacy in the reading
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Intérêt collectif : Ce qu'une société considère comme avantageux ou agréable pour ses membres (le public, le bien commun). Comme il est impossible de connaître
directement l'opinion de
tous les membres qui composent une société (ou tout autre groupe),
on définit cet intérêt à
partir des groupes
organisés - parfois élus
- qui prétendent défendre cet intérêt (gouvernement,syndicat,journaux,mouvements sociaux, etc.).
Il y a donc parfois une distorsion (plus ou moins grande) entre ce
qu'est intérêt "réel" d'un groupe et l'intérêt privée ou personnel
de ceux et celles qui parlent en son nom (représentant de ce
groupe). On observe cette distorsion
ou ce ce décalage au moyen des sondage
et des élections.=
bien public, intérêt de tous, bien de tous, bien collectif, bien
commun, intérêt de la nation, ce qui est à tout le monde, ce qui
nous appartient. /intérêt
personnel/privé. Common good, public
good, common wealth.
HARDIN, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science,
162, 1243-1248.
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FISCHBACHER, U., GAETCHER, S. & FEHR, E. (2001). Are
people conditionally cooperative ? Evidence from a public
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PALFREY, T.R. & ROSENTHAL, H. (1984). Participation
and the provision of discrete public goods : A stategic
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YAMAGISHI, T. (1986). The provision of a sanctioning
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Interêt personnel : Intérêt individuel : Avantage personne
qu'un individu tire à dire ou à faire quelque chose pour soi (ou
pour les autres si cela converge avec notre intérêt). /altruisme,
intérêt public.Self-interest.
SEARS, D.O., HENSLER, C.P. & SPEER, L.K. (1979).
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politics ? American Political Science Review, 73,
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Interface : Le mot est synonyme d'intermédiaire. Il renvoie à l'idée d'un objet qui agit comme un filtre en deux autres objets.
Sa signification varie légèrement selon le domaine de recherche :
a) En psychologie
cognitive, ce concept renvoie à l'ensemble des règles de transformation qui permettent d'établir un échange d'information
entre les différents niveaux cognitif, émotionnel et biologique
d'un organisme.
Cognitive code, interface. b) En informatique, il s'agit du
programme/logiciel (software) qui permet à un usager de
communiquer avec une machine (hardware). Interface,
software.c) Finalement, en
biologie, on l'utilise pour désigner les mécanismes
ou les processus qui permettent aux gènes
et à l'environnement
d'influencer le
comportement, et réciproquement. Gene-environment
interface.
a
GROSSBERG, S. (1980). How does a brain build a cognitive
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CHABAUD, A.-G. et DURETTE-DESSET, M.-C. (1963).
Interfécondité de deux souches d' Ornithodorus moubata et
remarques sur les phénomènes de spéciation particuliers au
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Interférence : Tout facteur qui nuit au stockage
et à la récupération
de l'nformation en
mémoire. Il peut s'agir de facteur externe (bruit,
mouvement, lumière, discussion de l'entourage, etc.) ou de facteur
intenre (pensée, émotion, activité du sujet, etc.). On mesure ce
phénomène grâce à une tâche
de rappel.Interference, interference
effect.
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Interférence proactive : Type d'interférence qui s'observe lorsque l'excécution d'une tâche nuit à la mémorisation des éléments d'une tâche subséquente, nuisance qui
survient surtout lorsqu'il existe de fortes similitudes entre les
éléments des deux tâches.
Proactive interference.
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qui survient lorsque l'exécution d'une tâche
nuit à la mémorisation
des éléments d'une tâche
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International-e : Qualifie la relation
entre deux ou plusieurs nations
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sociale que cet individu subi, car ces formes sont souvent
multiples et leurs effets négatifs cumulatifs. EX :
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raisons, notamment une
anomalie congénitale, n'est pas clairement identifiables. On
peut lever cette ambiguïté en procédant à une chirurgie
de réattribution sexuelle. Intersexualisme, réattribution
du sexe et chirurgie
de réattribution sexuelle.= ambiguïté
sexuelle. *hermaphrodisme.intersexuality, genital
atypicality.b) On utilise également le terme pour désigner le fait que le cerveau serait un organe
"sans sexe"; il existe bel et bien des différences entre le
cerveau d'un homme et celui d'une femme - notamment la taille, qui
est proportionnelle au poids, ainsi que toutes les fonctions qui
permettent à une femme de donner naissance à un enfant - mais en
aucun cas ces quelques différences ne suffisent à expliquer
l'ensemble des différences cognitives ou comportementales
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Intervalle
de temps :Temps
écoulé entre deux points fixes, notamment entre le début et la fin
d'un comportement. Intervalle, latenceetdurée.
Temporal interval.
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Intervention : Intervenir : La signification de ce concept varie selon le domaine d'application : a) En science
expérimentale, l'intervention renvoie aux changements planifiés
et introduits volontairement par le chercheur dans une situation
de recherche que l'on
nomme expérience
ou quasi-expérience
dans le but de mesurer/évaluer l'effet de cette intervention.
Intervention et méthode
expérimentale. = intervention
scientifique, manipulation, changement planifié, effet
volontairement provoqué. b) En thérapie
et en science
appliquée, ensemble de pratiques et de stratégies
qui permettent d'influencer systématiquement un phénomène
social (individuel ou collectif) dans le but de le corriger
(si problème ou trouble) ou de l'améliorer (si insatisfaction). Le
résultat d'une intervention se nomme
href="definitionsc.htm#changement">«changement».
Le type et la durée d'une d'intervention varient en fonction
de la nature du problème/trouble.
En psychologie, la thérapie
est le mode d'intervention le plus fréquent. =
technique d'intervention, programme d'intervention,
intervention communautaire, initiative communautaire. Intervention,
social intervention.
CHAMBLESS, D.L. & OLLENDICK, T.H. (2001). Empirically
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KRATOCHWILL, T.R., ALBERS, CA. & SHERNOFF, E. (2004).
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case reports of learning recovery in children
with pervasive developmental disorders after early
intervention. Behavioral Interventions, 21, 227-245.
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AGULERA, D.C. (1998). Crisis intervention theory and
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field experimentation in evaluating interventions.
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YEAGER, D.S. & WALTON G.M. (2011).
Social-psychological interventions in education : They're
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LE BLANC, M. DIONNE, J., PROULX, J., GRÉGOIRE, J. et
TRUDEAU-LEBLANC, P. (1998). Intervenir autrement : le
modèle différentiel et les adolescents en difficulté. Montréal
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ROZENTAL, A., ANDERSSON, G., BOETTCHER, J., EBERT, D.D.,
CUIJPERS, P., KNAEVELSRUD, C., LJÓTSSON, B., KALDO, V.,
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Intervention
comportementale intensive : ICI : Expression utilisée pour désigner les techniques
de modification du comportement inspirées des travaux
théoriques de Skinner et
pratiques de Lovaas,
utilisées auprès des jeunes enfants souffrant notamment d'autisme,
de trisomie et de déficience
intellectuelle, et qui insiste sur le fait que pour être
efficaces ces interventions doivent être réalisés auprès des
enfants le plus tôt possible (intervention précoce) et, si
possible, à tous les jours (intervention intensive).
Early intensive behavioral intervention, EIBI.
LOVAAS, O.I. (1993). The development of a
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EIKESETH, S., SMITH, T., JAHR, E., ELDEVIK, S (2007).
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SMITH, T., GROEN, A.D. & WYNN, A.D. (2000). Randomized
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ELDEVIK, S. (2009). Intensity of supervision and outcome
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SMITH, T. (2010). Early and intensive behavioral
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TAKEUCHI, I.K., KUBOTA, H. & YAMAMOTO, J. (2002).
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behavioral treatment for children with autism in Malaysia.
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ELDEVIK, S., HASTING, R.P., HUGHES, J.C., JAHR, E.
EIKESETH, S. & CROSS, S. (2010). Using participant
data to extend the evidence base for intensive behavioral
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BIBBY, P., EIKESETH, S., MARTIN, N., MUDFORD, O.C. &
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MAKRYGIANNI, M.K. & REED, P. (2010). A meta-analytic
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EIKESETH, S., SMITH, T., JAHR, E. & ELDEVICK, E.
(2002). Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to
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KLINTWALL, L., GILBERG, C., BÖLTE, S. & FERNELL, E.
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Intervention
de première ligne :=
première ligne.
Intervention
de seconde ligne :=
seconde ligne.
Intervention
in School & Clinic :Revue
scientifique de psychologie qui se penche sur l'implantation
et l'efficacité des programmes d'intervention
en milieu scolaire. Éditeur : Sage.
KARP, K.S. & VOLTZ, D.L. (2000). Weaving
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BUTLER, E.M., MULICK, J.A. & METZ, B. (2006). Eight
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SCHYBERGER, B.W. (1967). A study of interviewer behavior.
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JOHNSON, T.P., FENDRICH, M., SHALIGRAM, C., GARCY, A.
& GILLEPSIE, S. (2000). An evaluation of the effects
of interviewer characteristics in an RDD telephone survey
of drug use. Journal of Drug Issues, 30 (1),
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SINGER, E., M.R. FRANKEL, M.R. & GLASSMAN, M.B.
(1983). The effect of interviewer characteristics and
expectation son response. Public Opinion Quarterly,
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TUCKER, C. (1983). Interviewers' effects in telephone
surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 84-95.
PETERSON, C. & GRANT, M. (2001). Forced-choice : Are
forensic interviewers asking the right questions ?
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33 (2),
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GROVES, R.M. & FULTZ, N.H. (1985). Gender effects
among telephone interviewers in a survey of economic
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DAILEY, R. & CLAUS, R. (2001). The relationship
between interviewer characteristics and physical and
sexual abuse disclosures among substance users : A
multilevel analysis. Journal of Drug Issues, 31 (4),
867-889.
GROVES, R.M. & MAGILAVY, L. (1986). Measuring and
explaining interviewers' effects in centralized telephone
surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50 (2),
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HEEB, J. & GMEL, G. (2001). Interviewers' and
respondents' effects on self-reported alco- hol
consumption in a Swiss health survey. Journal of
Studies on Alcohol, 62 (4), 434-442.
AXINN, W. (1991). The influence of interviewer sex on
responses to sensitive questions in Nepal. Social
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COUPER, M.P. & GROVES, R.M. (1992). The role of the
interviewer in survey participation. Survey
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COUPER, M.P. & GROVES, R.M. (1992). Interviewer
reactions to alternative hardware for computer-assisted
personal interviewing. Journal of Official
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BELAK, E. & VEHOVAR, V. (1995). Interviewers' effects
in telephone surveys : The case of international victim
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LORD, V.B., FRIDAY, P.C. & BRENNAN, P.K. (2005). The
effects of interviewer characteristics on arrestees'
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CATANIA, J., BINSON, D., CANCHOLA, J., POLLACK, L., HAUCK,
W. & COATES, T. (1996). Effects of interviewer gender,
interviewer choice, and item wording on responses to
questions concerning sexual behavior. Public Opinion
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DAVIS, D.W. (1997). Nonrandom measurement error and race
of interviewer effects among African Americans. Public
Opinion Quarterly, 61 (1), 183-207.
DURRANT, G.B., GROVES, R.M. STAETSKY, L. & STEELE, F.
(2010). Effects of interviewer attitudes and behaviors on
refusal in household surveys. Public Opinion
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SCHOBER, M.F. & CONRAD, F.G. (1997). Does
conversational interviewing reduce survey measurement
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BLOM, A.G., DE LEEUW, E.D. & HOX, J.J. (2011).
Interviewer effects on nonresponse in the european social
surve. Journal of Official Statistics, 27 (2),
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DAVIS, D.W. (1997). The direction of race of interviewer
effects among African-Americans : Donning the black mask.
American Journal of Political Science, 41 (1),
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CASAS-CORDERO, F., KREUTER, F., WANG, Y. & BABEY, S.
(2013). Assessing the measurement error properties of
interviewer observations of neighbourhood characteristics.
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VAN TILBURG, T. (1998). Interviewer effects in the
measurement of personal network size : A nonexperimental
study. Sociological Methods & Research, 26, 300-328.
PONDMAN, L.M. (1998). The influence of the
interviewer on the refusal rate in telephone surveys.
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Intimidation
: Usage de la menace
ou de l'agressivité pour
influencer autrui, contraindre un individu à faire (ou à ne pas
faire une chose) une chose qu'il ne souhaite pas faire. On utilise
souvent le terme harcèlement
pour désigner le caractère répétitif de cette
intimidation, souvent auprès des pairs.
Intimidation, Violenceetharcèlement
à l'école. Intimidation.
Intimité : L'intimité comporte au moins trois dimensions : 1)
Espace : un espace est intime si l'individu contrôle le nombre et
les allées et venues des gens qui y pénètre (EX:
chambre). 2) Information : une information
intime est un aspect de notre vie qu'on ne dévoile à personne, ou
seulement à quelques personnes prévilégiées (les intimes
justement...). 3) Rapport aux autres : le terme
renvoie également à une relation stable entre deux personnes -
relation dite intime - qui implique le partage d'un lieu commun,
l'échange d'information personnelle (vie quotidienne, amitié,
travail, famille, projets, etc.), un sentiment de bien-être
ou amoureux, un
rapprochement physique et, parfois, des relations sexuelles. =rapprochement./extimité.Intimacy, privacy, close relationship.
SOMMER, R. (1966). The ecology of privacy. The
Library Quarterly, 36, 234-248.
DEMIRBAS, O.O. & DEMIRKAN, H (2000). Privacy
dimensions : a case study in the interior architecture
design studio. Journal of Environmental Psychology,
20, 53-64.
[PDF]
WESTIN, A. (1967). Privacy and freedom. New York
: Atheneum,
ALTMAN, I. (1975). The environment and social
behavior. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
TISSERON, S. (2001). L'intimité surexposée.
Paris : Hachette.
PATTERSON, M.L. (1976). An arousal model of interpersonal
intimacy. Psychological Review, 83 (3), 235-245.
PEDERSEN, D.M. (1979). Dimensions of privacy. Perceptual
& Motor Skills 48, 1291-1297.
ORINA, M., WOOD, W. & SIMPSON, J.A. (2002). Styles of
influence in close relationships. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 459-472.
SCHAEFFER, G.H. & PATTERSON, M.L. (1980). Intimacy,
arousal, and small group crowding. Journal of
Personality & Social Psychology, 38, 283-290.
SHADISH, W.R. (1986). The validity of a measure of
intimate behavior. Small Group Behavior, 17,
113-120.
COUTENCEAU, R. (2006). Amour et violence. Le défi de
l'intimité. Paris : Odile Jacob.
BARTHOLOMEW, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy : An
attachment perspective. Journal of Social &
Personal Relationships, 7, 147-178.
HAMPES, W.P. (1992). Relation between intimacy and humor.
Psychology Reports, 71, 127-130.
FAHMIE T.A. & HANLEY, G.P. (2008). Progressing toward
data intimacy : A review of within-session data analysis.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41,
319-331. [PDF]
HATFIELD, E. & RAPSON, R.L. (1993). Love, sex,
and intimacy : Their psychology, biology, and history.
New York : HarperCollins.
BEYERS, W. & SEIFFGE-KRENKE, I. (2010). Does identity
precede intimacy : Testing Erikson's theory on romantic
development in emerging adults of the 21st century.
Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 387-415.
LAUER, R.H. & LAUER, J.C. (1994). Marriage and
family : The quest for intimacy. Madison : Brown
& Benchmark.
FORGAS, J.R. (2011). Affective influences on
self-disclosure strategies : Mood effects on the intimacy
and reciprocity of disclosing personal information.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100
(3), 449-461.
PEDERSEN, D.M. (1997). Psychological functions of privacy.
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17, 147-156.
SNEED, J.R., WHITBPURNE, S.K., SCHWARTZ, S.J. & HUANH,
S. (2012). The relationship between identity, intimacy,
and midlife well-being : Findings from the Rochester Adult
Longitudinal Study. Psychology & Aging, 27 (2),
318-323. [PDF]
THÉRIAULT, J. (1998). Assessing intimacy with the best
friend and the sexual partner during adolescence : The
PAIR-M Inventory. Journal of Psychology, 132,
493-506.
ZURBRIGGEN, E.L., BEN HAGAI, E. & LEON, G. (2016).
Negotiating privacy and intimacy on social media : Review
and recommendations. Translational Issues in
Psychological Science, 2, 248-260.
PEDERSEN, D.M. (1999). Model for types of privacy by
privacy functions. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 19, 397-405.
GOUGH, H.G. (1948). A new dimension of status : I.
Development of a personality scale. American Sociology
Review, 13, 401-409.
BLOCK, J. & BLOCK, J. (1950). Intolerance of ambiguity
and ethnocentrism. Journal of Personality, 19,
303-311.
GOUGH, H.G. (1951). Studies of social intolerance : II. A
personality scale for anti-semitism. Journal of
Social Psychology, 33, 247-255.
SIDANIUS, J. (1978). Intolerance of ambiguity and
socio-political ideology : A multidimensional analysis.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 215-235.
Intoxication
: Intoxication.
WEISS, B. (1996). Long ago and far away : A retrospective
on the implications of Minamata. Neurotoxicology, 17,
257-263.
Intrant : Ce qui entre dans une machine (un ordinateur), un
système (bancaire ou fiscal) ou un cerveau
avant d'être transformé (coder, interpréter, symboliser,
"binariser") par celui-ci.
= stimulus,
mécanisme
d'entrée/sortie. /extrant.Input, stimulation, stimulus.
TULVING, E. & ARBUCKLE, T.Y. (1966). Input and output
interference in short-term associative memory. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 72, 145-150. [PDF]
EPSTEIN, W. (1970). Facilitation of retrieval resulting
from post-input exclusion of part of the input. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 86, 190-195.
JONGEWARD, R.H., WOODWARD, A.E. & BJORK, R.A. (1975).
The relative roles of input and output mechanisms in
directed forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 3,
51-57.
Intrapolation
:Estimation,
faite à partir d'un ensemble d'observations
(données empiriques), des valeurs non-observées que pourrait
prendre une variable x (données inférées). L'extrapolation
permet de compléter une série d'observations sans être obligé
d'observer tous les cas. L'intrapolation peut s'appuyer aussi
sur un modèle mathématique.
*Interpolation.
/Extranpolation.
Interpolation.
Dans l'exemple suivant, par intrapolation, on
peut estimer que, si la tendance se maintient, la troisième série
de lignes (non-observées) est : ---
--------- ? --
HERZBERG, A.M. & COX, D.R. (1972). Some optimal
designs for interpolation and extrapolation.
Biometrika, 59, 551-561.
KELLMAN, P.J., GARRIGNAN, P. & SHIPLEY, T.F. (2005).
Object interpolation in three dimensions.
Psychological Review, 112, 586-609.
Introduction/Initiation
à la psychologie : Voir
Psychologie (Livre) et
Psychologie (Cours). Text book,
introductory textbook, introductory
psychology, general psychology.
Introjection
: Mécanisme
de défense proposé par Ferenczi
pour désigner le processus d'inclusion fantasmatique des objets
et de leur propriétés au sein du moi.
= incorporation imaginaire, interiorisation. /projection.Introjection.
FERENCZI, S. (1909/69). Transfert et introjection. Dans
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HARNIK, J. (1932). Introjection and projection in the
mechanism of depression. International Journal of
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FLESCHER, J. (1951). Contribution to a psychoanalytical
study on projection and introjection. Psychoanalytic
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STEPHEN, K. (1934). Introjection and projection : guilt
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316-331.
BRODY, M.W. & MAHONEY, V.P. (1964). Introjection,
identification and incorporation. International
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ALVAREZ, A. (1993). Making the thought thinkable : On
introjection and projection. Psychoanalytic Inquiry,
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Intron
: Partie non-codante de
l'ADN./Exon.Intron.
BERGMAN, J. (2001). The functions of introns : from junk
DNA to designed DNA. Perspecfives on Science &
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Introspection
: Prise de conscience
ou description détaillée de ses propres perceptions,
pensées et sentiments. L'association libre, développée par Freud,
est une technique thérapeutique qui favorise l'introspection
du patient. = introspection classique,
introspection conventionnelle. Introspection,
introspective knowledge, inner eye.
WUNDT, W. (1886). Élément de psychologie
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KOHUT, H. (1982). Introspection, empathy, and mental
health. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 63,
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PILLSBURY, W.R. (1904). A suggestion toward a
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LYONS, W.E. (1986). The disappearance of
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TITCHENER, E.B. (1912). The schema of introspection.
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KOHUT, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy and
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LAPLANE, D. (1992). Use of introspection in scientific
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introspection bear fruit ? Self-reflection, self-insight,
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NATSOULAS, P. (1970). Concerning introspective
"knowledge". Psychological Bulletin, 73, 89-111.
WILSON, T.D. & KRAFT, D. (1993). Why do I love thee ?
Effects of repeated introspections on attitudes toward the
relationship. Personality & Social Psychology
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WILSON, T.D., LISLE D.J., SCHOOLER J.W., HODGES, S.D.,
KLAAREN, K.J. & LAFLEUR, S.J. (1993). Introspecting
about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction. Personality
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RADORD, J. (1974). Reflections on introspection. American
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WOZNIAK, R.H. (Ed.) (1993). Theoretical roots of
early behaviourism : Functionalism, the critique of
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Effects of introspecting about reasons : Inferring
attitudes from accessible thoughts. Journal of
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LIEBERMAN, D.A. (1975). Behaviorism and the mind : A
(limited) call for a return to introspection. American
Psychologist, 34, 319-333.
GERTLER, B. (2000). Introspecting phenomenal states. Philosophy
& Phenomenological Research, 63, 305-328.
NEISSER, U. (1978). Anticipations, images and
introspection. Cognition, 6, 167-174.
VAN GULLICK, R. (2001). Inward and upward : reflection,
introspection and self-awareness. Philosophical
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LUNDH, L.G. (1979). Introspection, consciousness, and
human information processing. Scandinavian Journal of
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America, 1896-1938. Studies in history and philosophy
of science, 34 (C), 77-108,
DANZIGER, K. (1980). The history of introspection
reconsidered. Journal of the History of the
Behavioral Sciences, 16, 241-262.
BERNARD, M., MAIO, G.R. & OLSON, J.M. (2003). Effects
of introspection about values : Extending research on
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origins of scientific psychology. Consciousness &
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Introspection
dirigée : Forme d'introspection
mise au point par Wundt,
dont l'objectif est de permettre au participant d'une recherche
d'observer et de décrire ses propres perceptions, pensées et
sentiments dans des conditions précises définies et contrôlées par
le chercheur. = introspection
expérimentale, auto-observation expérimentale.
Introspection.
WUNDT, W. (1886). Élément de psychologie physiologique.
Paris : Félix Alcan.
SACKUR, J. (2007). L'introspection en psychologie
expérimentale. Revue d'histoire des sciences 2009/2
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Introversion
: Terme proposé par Jung
pour décrire le détachement de la libido
par rapport aux objets
extérieurs, puis son retrait et son investissement
sur le monde intérieur (fanstasmes,
rêverie, etc.). Chez Eysenk,
l'introversion désigne l'un des deux pôles du type
intraversion-extraversion, qui correspond à des caractéristiques
de la personnalité comme : réservé, prudent, distant, peu
chaleureux (introversion) ou comme : social, sympatique, amical,
chaleureux, impulsif, intrépide (extroversion).
/extraversion. Introversion.
GRAY, J.A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of
introversion/extraversion. Behaviour Research &
Therapy, 8, 249-266.
PALMIERE, L. (1972). Intro-extra-version as an organasing
principle in fantasy production. Journal of
Analytical Psychology, 17 (2), 116-131.
BRIGGS, S.R. (1988). Shyness : Introversion or
neuroticism. Journal of Research In Personality, 22,
290-307.
HEATON, A.W. & KRUGLANSKI, A.W. (1991). Person
perception by introverts and extraverts under time
pressure : effects of need for closure. Personality
& Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 161-165.
Intrusif
: Le terme à deux uages : a) En
biologie, il désigne les
effets immédiats et négatifs chez le patient d'une manipulation ou
d'une opération. Intrusif vient d'intrusion
et renvoie ici à l'idée qu'un objet physique (ex: un scalpel) qui
entre ou pénètre un organisme vivant peut créer des dommages aux
organes ou aux tissus. b) Par extension, on
utilise ce terme en psychologie pour décrire les effets nuisibles
d'un traitement.NDLR
: En ce sens, il es possible que le terme soit un
anglicisme... intrusive consequence.
a
b
VORNDRAN, C.M. & LERMAN, D.C. (2006). Establishing and
maintaining treatment effects with less intrusive
consequences via a pairing procedure. Journal of
Applied Behavior Analysis, 39 (1), 35-48. [PDF]
Intrusion
: Première phase de l'envahisement
qui consiste à pénétrer un territoire
étranger sans invitation ou permission.
Intuition
: Ce que l'on croit, sans savoir pourquoi ou sans que
l'on soit capable de le justifier logiquement (absence de
raisonnement). =méthode
intuitive. Intuitive reasoning,
intuitive judgment.
HATHAWAY, S.R. (1956). Clinical intuition and inferential
accuracy. Journal of Personality, 24, 223-250.
BOWERS, K., REGEHR, G., BALTHAZARD, C. & PARKER, K.
(1990). Intuition in the context of discovery.
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FRIEDMAN, M. (1990). Kant on concepts and intuitions in
the mathematical sciences. Synthese, 84, 213-257.
PETERSON, C.R. & BEACH, L.R. (1967). Man as an
intuitive statistician. Psychological Bulletin, 68,
29-46.
DENES-RAJ, V. & EPSTEIN, S. (1994). Conflict between
intuitive and rational processing : When people behave
against their better judgment. Journal of Personality
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WILDER, R.L. (1967). The role of intuition. Science,
156 (3775), 605-610.
ISENMAN, L.D. (1997). Toward an understanding of intuition
and its importance in scientific endeavor.
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MEDAWAR, P. (1969). Induction and intuition in
scientific thought. London : Methuen.
GILOVICH, T., GRIFFIN, D. & KAHNEMAN, D. (2002).
Heuristics and biases : The psychology of intuitive
judgment. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University
Press.
FRANK, M.J., O'REILLY, R.C. & CURRAN, T. (2006). When
memory fails, intuition reigns : Midazolam enhances
implicit inference in humans. Psychological Science,
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GORDON, F.R. & FLAVELL, J.H. (1977). The development
of intuitions about cognitive cueing. Child
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DANE, E. & PRATT, M.G. (2007). Exploring intuition and
its role in managerial decision making. Academy of
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TVERSKY, A. & KAHNEMAN, D. (1983). Extension versus
intuititve reasoning : The conjunction fallacy in
probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90,
293-315.
KNOBE, M.J. & PRINZ, J. (2008). Intuitions about
consciousness : Experimental studies. Phenomenology
& Cognitive Science, 7 (1), 67-83.
GODDARD, M.J. (2009). The impact of human intuition in
psychology. Review of General Psychology 13, 167-174.
MOSER, P.K. (1985). On basic knowledge without
justification. The Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 15
(2), 305-310.
HOGARTH, R.M. (2010). Intuition : A challenge for
psychological research on decision making. Psychological
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HILBIG, B.E., SCHOLL, S.G. & POHL, R.F. (2010). Think
or blink : Is the recognition heuristic an "intuitive"
strategy ? Judgment & Decision Making, 5
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IMMORDINO-YANG, M.H. & FAETH, M. (2010). The role of
emotion and skilled intuition in learning. Mind,
Brain, & Education : Neuroscience Implications for
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Models and human intuitions. Proceedings of Machine
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Intuition
(Contre) : Counterintuitive.
Intuition
clinique : Clinical intuition.
HATHAWAY, S.R. (1956). Clinical intuition and inferential
accuracy. Journal of Personality, 24, 223-250.
Intuition
en science : Intuition
in scientific thought.
WILDER, R.L. (1967). The role of intuition. Science,
156 (3775), 605-610.
PETERSON, C.R. & BEACH, L.R. (1967). Man as an
intuitive statistician. Psychological Bulletin, 68,
29-46.
MEDAWAR, P. (1969). Induction and intuition in
scientific thought. London : Methuen.
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and it importance in scientific endeavor. Perspectives
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Intuition
de grammaticalité : Concept développé par Chomsky.
Chez le locuteur,
sentiment ou intuition
que ses phrases sont, sur
le plan syntaxique,
correctement formées. Cette intuition permet au locuteur de porter
un jugemement sur la structure (syntaxe) des phrases qu'il
prononce ou entend et ainsi distinguer les bons (ça se dit) des
mauvais tours de phrase (ça se dit pas). =
connaissance tacite ou inconsciente de la langue, savoir
implicite, ce que l'on sait sans savoir qu'on le sait.
Grammatical intuition.
CHOMSKY, N. (1986). Knowledge of language : Its
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ZURIF, E.B., GREEN, G., CARAMAZZA, A. & GOODENOUGH, C.
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DUBOIS,
J., GIACOMO, M., GUESPIN, L., MARCELLESI, C., MARCELLESI,
J.-P. et MÉVEL, J.-P. (1999). Dictionnaire
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Inuit
: Peupe. En
sibérie, le terme eskimo est toujours en usage. Inuit etAutochtone.= eskimo, le peuple du grand noir. Inuit,
native people, indigenous.
RASMUSSEN, K. (1931). The Netsilik Eskimos : Social
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inductions of the conservation of "first-order"
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BRYANT, P.E. (1972). The understanding of invariance by
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BRAINERD, C.J. (1978). Invariant sequences, explanation,
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LEGENDRE-BERGERON,
M.F. (1980). Lexique de la psychologie du
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Inventaire : Ensemble de comportements ou/et de cognitions -
souvent anormaux, mais pas nécessairement - qui forment un tout
psychologique cohérent et mesurable (EX : rôle sexuel) ou indiquent
cet état (EX : anxiété, dépression, etc).
Inventory.
Inventaire de comportements d'enfant/Adolescent de Eyberg : Inventaire
développé par Eyberg pour
décrire les comportements problématiques des enfants. Les parents
agissent ici à titre d'observateur. Eyberg
Child Behavior Inventoy,
ECBI.
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on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg
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Inventaire de comportements d'enfant : Child
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on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg
Student Behavior inventory : Parent and teacher rating
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adolescents. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 23
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Inventaire
de dépression de Beck : Inventaire
développé par Beck pour
évaluer la dépression.Beck Depression Inventory, BDI.
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Inventaire
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Inventaire
de la personnalité d'Eysenk (EPI) :Test
de la personnalité développé par Eysenk
pour évaluer deux traits de
personnalité, Extraversion/Intraversion et Stabilité
émotionnelle/Névrotisme. Il contient 57 questions auxquelles le
sujet doit répondre oui ou non. Inventaire de la personnalité
d'Eysenk et test
de la personnailté d'Eysenk.Eysenck
Personality Inventory, EPI.
EYSENK, H.J. & EYSENK, S.B.G. (1968). Manual for
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Caractéristiques
subjectivement associées au genre
Homme
Femme
Leader
Affectueuse
Agressif
Enjouée
Ambitieux
Aiment
les enfant
Athlétique
Compatissante,
empathique
Compétitif
Féminine
Dominant
Douce
Masculin
Attentive
aux besoins d'autrui
Indépendant
Sympathique
Disposé
à prendre des riques
Encline
à partager
Préfère
travailler seul
Aime le
travail en équipe
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Inventaire
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Inventaire
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Invention : Inventer
: Objet (concret
ou abstrait) ou propriété d'un objet créé de toute pièce, donc qui n'existait pas avant, même si, avant sa création, on peut identifier la préexistence de
certains de ses éléments ou particularités. Certaines inventions sont brevetés et deviennent publiques, alors que d'autres inventions tombent dans l'oubli en raison de leur manque d'inutilité ou parce qu'elles paraissent délirantes au moment de leur création. Invention etdécouverte.= Création.
Invention.
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Investissement parental : Tout ce qu'un parent
donne à son enfant afin
qu'il puisse grandir, se développer,
réussir sa vie. Pour Trivers,
qui fut le premier à prpproposer le terme, l'investissement a pour
but d'augmenter le
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+
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