P (Valeur) : Voir Valeur de P, Test statistique et Probabilité. P value.

P300 : P3 : Désigne le potentiel évoqué (p) mesuré dans le cerveau d'un humain 300 ms après l'apparition d'un nouveau stimulus dans son champ visuel. Découverte par Chapman et Bragdon (1964). P300, N400 et nouveauté. = amplitude P3. P300.

	CHAPMAN, R.M. & BRAGDON, H.R. (1964). Evoked responses to numerical and non-numerical visual stimuli while problem solving. Nature, 203, 1155-1157.	OTTON, L.J. & DONCHIN, E. (2000). Relationship between P300 amplitude and subsequent recall for distinctive events : Dependence on type of distinctiveness attribute. Psychophysiology, 37, 644-661.
	DUNCAN-JOHNSON, C.C. (1981). P300 latency : a new metric of information processing. Psychophysiology, 18, 207-215	MAGNIE, M., BERMON, S., MARTIN, F., MADANY-LOUNIS, M., SUISSE, G., MUHAMMAD, W. & DOLISI, C. (2000). P300, N400, aerobic fitness, and maximal aerobic exercise. Psychophysiology, 37, 369-377.
	KARIS D., FABIANI, M. & DONCHIN, E. (1984). "P300" and memory : Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cognitive Psychology, 16 (2), 177-216.	KOK, A. (2001). On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology, 38 (3), 557-577.
	FABIANI, M., KARIS, D. & DONCHIN, E. (1986). P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. Psychophysiology, 23, 298-308.	MYUNG-SUN, K., JAE-JIN, K. & JUN SOO, K. (2001). Frontal P300 decrement and executive dysfunction in adolescents with conduct problems. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 32 (2), 93-106.
	CARLSON, E.A., HOSTINAR, C.E., MILNER, S.B. & GUNNAR, M.R. (2014). The emergence of attachment following early social deprivation. Development & Psychopathology, 26 (2), 479-489.	IACONO, W.G., CARLSON, S.R., MALONE, S.M. & McGUE, M. (2002). P3 event-related potential amplitude and the risk for disinhibitory disorders in adolescent boys. Archives General Psychiatry, 59, 750-757. [PDF]
		GONSALVEZ, C.J. & POLICH, J. (2002). P300 amplitude is determined by target-to-target interval. Psychophysiology, 39, 388-396. [PDF]
	WELLER, L. & LUCHTERHAND, E. (1974). Adolescents' perceptions of their parents by social class, race and parental presence. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 4, 215-221.	MOELLER, F.G., BARRATT, E.S., FISHER, C.J., DOUGHERTY, D.M., REILLY, E.L., MATHIAS, C.W. & SWANN, A.C. (2004). P300 event-related potential amplitude and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychobiology, 50, 167-173.
	DONCHIN, E. & COLES, M.G. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating ? Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 11, 355-372.	HILL, H., OTT, F. & WEISBROD, M. (2005). Soa-dependent n400 and p300 semantic priming effects using pseudoword primes and a delayed lexical decision. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 56, 209-221.
	JOHNSON, R. (1989). Developmental evidence for modality-dependent P300 generators : A normative study. Psychophysiology, 26, 651-670.	SATO, A., YASUDA, A., OHIRA, H., MIYAWAKI, K., NISHIKAWA, M., KUMANO, H. & KUBOKI, T. (2005). Effects of value and reward magnitude on feedback negativity and P300. Neuroreport, 16, 407-411. [PDF]
	POLICH, J., LADISH, C. & BURNS, T. (1990). Normal variation of P300 in children : age, memory span, and head size. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 9, 237-248.	PATRICK, C.J., BERNAT, E.M., MALONE, S.M., IACONO, W.G., KRUEGER, R.F. & McGUE, M. (2006). P300 amplitude as a marker of externalizing in adolescent males. Psychophysiology, 43 (1), 84-92.
		IACONO, W.G. & McGUE, M. (2006). Association between P3 event-related brain potential amplitude and adolescent problem behavior. Psychophysiology, 43, 465-469.
		YOON, H.H., IACONO, W.G., MALONE, S.M., BERNAT, E.M. & McGUE, M. (2006). The effects of childhood disruptive disorder comorbidity on P3 event-related brain potentials in preadolescents with ADHD. Biological Psychology, 79, 329-336. [PDF]
	PICTON, T.W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 9, 456-479.	ROSENFELD, J.P. & SKOGSBERG, K.R. (2006). P300-based Stroop study with low probability and target Stroop oddballs : The evidence still favors the response selection hypothesis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60, 240-250.
	POLICH, J. & MARTIN, S. (1992). P300, cognitive capability, and personality : a correlational study of university undergraduates. Personality & individual differences, 13, 533-543.	YOON, H.H., IACONO, W.G., MALONE, S.M. & McGUE, M. (2006). Using the brain P300 response to identify novel phenotypes reflecting genetic vulnerability for adolescent substance misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1067-1087.
	POLICH, J. & SQUIRE, L. (1993). P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 86, 408-417.	POLICH, J. (2007). Updating P300 : an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118 (10), 2128-2148. [PDF]
		DE SOLA, S., TARANCON, T., PENA-CASANOVA, J., ESPADALER, J.M., LANGHOR, K., POUDEVIDA, S., FARRÉ, M., VERDEJO-GARCIA, A. & DE LA TORRE, R. (2012). Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive performance in recreational ecstasy polydrug users : evidence from a 12-month longitudinal study. Psychopharmacology, 200, 425-437. [PDF]
		IACONO, W.G. (2008). The forensic application of "Brain fingerprinting" : Why scientists should encourage the use of P300 memory detection methods. American Journal of Bioethics, 8, 30-32.
	POLICH, J. & MARGALA, C. (1997). P300 and probability : comparison of oddball and single-stimulus paradigms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 169-176.	IACONO, W.G. & MALONE, S.M. (2011). Developmental endophenotypes : Indexing genetic risk for substance abuse with the P300 brain event-related potential. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 239-247. [PDF]
	HARMON-JONES, E., BARRATT, E.S. & WIGG, C. (1997). Impulsiveness, aggression, reading, and the P300 of the event-related potential. Personality & Individual Differences, 22, 439-445. [PDF]	DELLE-VIGNE, D., CAMPANELLA, S., KAJOSCH, H., VERBANCK, P. & KORNREICH, C. (2011). Accroître la sensibilité de la P300 à l'aide d'un paradigme oddball émotionnel bimodal. Acta Psychiatica Belgica, 111 (1), 29-44.
	POLICH, J. (1997). On the relationship between EEG and P300 : Individual differences, aging, and ultradian rhythms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 26, 299–317.	YOON, H.H., MALONE, S.M., BURWELL, S.J., BERNAT, E.M. & IACONO, W.G. (2013). Association between P3 event-related potential amplitude and externalizing disorders : A time domain and time frequency investigation of 29-year-old adults. Psychophysiology, 50 (7), 595-609. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Potentiel évoqué et Nouveauté

Paas Fred ( ) : Psychologue cognitiviste américain, d'origine néerlandaise, et spécialiste de l'éducation et de la théorie de la charge cognitive. Collaborateur de Ayres, Kirschner et Sweller.

	PAAS, F. (1992). Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics : A cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 429-434.
	PAAS, F. & VAN MERRIENBOER, J.J.G. (1994). Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills : A cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86 (1), 122-133. [PDF]
	PAAS, F., RENKL, A. & SWELLER, J. (2003). Cognitive load theory and instructional design : Recent developments. Educational Psychologist, 38, 1-4. [PDF]
	PAAS, F., TUOVINEN, J., TABBERS, H. & VAN GERVEN, P.W.M. (2003). Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory. Educational Psychologist, 38, 63-71. [PDF]
	PAAS, F., RENKL, A. & SWELLER, J. (2004). Cognitive load theory : Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. Instructional Science, 32, 1-8. [PDF]

Pace Gary M. (Chicago 1951-) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain, spécialiste des comportements inadaptés et de l'estompage. Collaborateur de Dorsey, Iwata, Lerman, Miltenberger, Schlund, Shore, Smith, Vollmer, Vorndran et Zarcone.

	PACE, G.M, IVANCIC, M.T., EDWARDS, G.L., IWATA, B. & PAGE, T.J. (1985). Assessment of stimulus preference and reinforcer value with profoundly retarded individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18 (3), 249-255. [PDF]
	PACE, G.M., IWATA, B.A., EDWARDS, G.L. & McCOSH, K.C. (1986). Stimulus fading and transfer in the treatment of self-restraint and self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19 (4), 381-389. [PDF]
	IWATA B.A., PACE, G.M., KALSHER, M.J., COWDERY, G.E. & CATALDO, M.F. (1990). Experimental analysis and extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23 (1), 11-27. [PDF]
	PACE, G.M., IWATA, B.A., COWDERY, G.E., ANDREE, P.J. & McINTYRE, T. (1993). Stimulus (instructional) fading during extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26 (2), 205-212. [PDF]
	PACE, G.M, IVANCIC, M.T. & JEFFERSON, G. (1994). Stimulus fading as treatment for obscenity in a brain-injured adult. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27 (2), 301-305. [PDF]

Pachalska Maria ( ) : Neuropsychologue polonaise. Collaboratrice de Brown.

	PACHALSKA, M. (2002). The microgenetic revolution : reflections on a recent essay by Jason Brown. Journal of Neuropsychoanalysis, 4 (1), 109-117.
	PACHALSKA, M. (2003). Neuropsychological rehabilitation for post-traumatic frontal syndrome in patients recovering from prolonged coma : A preliminary report. Acta Neuropsychologica, 1 (2), 194-227.
	PACHALSKA, M., LUKOWICZ, M., KROPOTOV, J.D., HERMAN-SUCHARSKA, I. & TALAR, J. (2011). Evaluation of differentiated neurotherapy programs for a patient after severe TBI and long term coma using event-related potentials. Medical Science Monitor, 17 (10), 120-128. [PDF]
	PACHALSKA, M., MacQUENN, B.D. & BROWN, J.W. (2012). Microgenetic theory : brain and mind in time. In R.W. Rieber (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the history of psychological theories, XXVI (pp. 675-708). Frankfurt : Springer.
	PACHALSKA, M. & KROPOTOV, J.D. (2013). Functional neurophysiology : New approaches in neuropsychological assessment. Frankfurt/Paris/ Lancaster, New Brunswick : Ontos Verlag.

Pacifisme : Pacifiste : Doctrine qui milite en faveur de la paix (et considère que la guerre est généralement la solution la moins intéressante à un conflit, le dernier recours). /guerre, belliqueux, va-t-en-guerre, militarisme. Pacifism.

	GLADYS, T. (1951). Further discussion on pacifists vs. psychologists. American Psychologist, 6 (8), 457-458.
	KELMAN, H.C. & GLADSTONE, A.I. (1952). Pacifism and psychology : Further comments. American Psychologist, 7, 159.
	SCHELER, M. (1953). L'idée de paix et le pacifisme. Paris : Aubier-Montaigne.
	LAKE, D.A. (1992). Powerful pacifists : Democratic states and war. American Political Science Review, 86 (1), 24-37.
	Voir aussi Guerre et Paix

Packer Craig (Fort Worth 1950-) : Biologiste américain et spécialiste de l'étude des lions et plus généralement de l'écosystème africain (savane). Étudiant de Goodall.

	PACKER, C. & PUSEY, A.E. (1982). Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions : Kin selection or gam theory ? Nature, 296 (5859), 740-742. [PDF]
	PACKER, C. & PUSEY, A.E. (1983). Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males. The American Naturalist, 121 (5), 716-728. [PDF]
	PACKER, C., GILBERT, D., PUSEY, A. & O’BRIEN, S. (1991). A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. Nature, 351, 562-565.
	PACKER, C., LEWIS, S. & PUSEY, A. (1992). A comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing. Animal Behaviour, 43, 265-281. [PDF]
	PACKER, C., BRINK, B.M., KISSUI, H., MALITI, H., KUSHNI, H. & CARO, T. (2011). The effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Ecology & Conservation Biology, 25, 142-153.

Pagani Linda S. ( ) : Psychologue québécoise et spécialiste de l'éducation. Elle s'intéresse notamment aux conditions psychologiques, sociales et politiques du décrochage scolaire, ainsi qu'aux conditions qui favorisent la persévérance et la réussite scolaire. Elle enseigne à l'Université de Montréal. Collaboratrice de Brook-Gunn, Duncan, Huston, Janosz, Magnuson, Tremblay et Vitaro.

	PAGANI, L.S., TREMBLAY, R.E., VITARO, F., KERR, A. & McDUFF, P. (1998). The impact of family transition on the development of delinquency in adolescent boys : a 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 39, 489-499.
	PAGANI, L.S., TREMBLAY, R.E., VITARO, F., BOULERICE, B. & McDUFF, P. (2001). Effects of grade retention on academic performance and behavioral development. Development & Psychopathology, 13, 297-315.
	PAGANI, L.S., FITZPATRICK, C., BARNETT, T.A. & DUBOW, E. (2010). Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well being by middle childhood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164, 425-431.
	PAGANI, L.S., FITZPATRICK, C. & PARENT, S. (2012). Relating kindergarten attention to subsequent developmental pathways of classroom engagement in elementary school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 715-725. [PDF]
	PAGANI, L.S., FITZPATRICK, C. & BARNETT, T.A. (2013). Early childhood television viewing and kindergarten entry readiness. Pediatric Research, 74, 350-355. [PDF]

Page : Dans la notice d'un article scientifique (1) ou d'un chapitre de livre (2), désigne les pages du texte concerné. Dans le modèle de référence de l'American Psychological Association, cette information est placée à la fin de la notice, dans le cas d'un article scientifique, et entre le titre du livre et le lieu de l'édition, dans le cas d'un chapitre de livre. À noter que dans le format de citation APA, il n'est pas nécessaire d'indiquer le nombre de page d'un livre (3). Page.

1	BÉLANGER, J. (1978). Images et réalités du béhaviorisme. Philosophiques, 5 (1), 3-110.
2	BEAUGRAND, J. (1988). Démarche scientifique et cycle de la recherche. Dans M. Robert (Dir.), Fondements et étapes de la recherche scientifique en psychologie (p. 1-34). St-Hyacinthe : Édisem.
3	SKINNER, B.F. (1971). L'analyse expérimentale du comportement. Paris : Seuil.

Page (Bas) : Voir Citer en bas de page.

Page blanche : L'expression a deux acceptions : a) On utilise cette expression pour décrire les difficultés ou les hésitations à commencer la rédaction d'un texte. = syndrome de la page blanche. b) L'expression renvoie également au principe de tabula rasa.
 

Paglia Camille Anna (Endicott États-Unis 1947-) : Féminisme et essayiste américaine.

	PAGLIA, C.A. (1990). Sexual personae : Art and decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson. New Haven : Yale UP.
	PAGLIA, C.A. (1992). Sex, art, and American culture : Essays. New York : Vintage.
	PAGLIA, C.A. (1994). Vamps & tramps : New essays. New York : Vintage.

Paiement : Voir Payer. Pay, payment.

Pain : Revue scientifique qui consacre ses pages à l'étude de la douleur. Éditeur : Elsevier.

GEIGER, G., TODD., D.D., CLARK, H.B., MILLER, R.P. & KORI, S.H. (1992). The effects of feedback and contingent reinforcement on the exercise behavior of chronic pain patients. Pain, 49 (2), 179-185.

Pairer : Pairage : Paire : Le mot a trois usages distincts mais voisins : a) Lors d'un conditionnement, le pairage est une opération méthodologique qui consiste à présenter deux stimuli à un organisme de manière à favoriser l'apprentissage. d'un comportement. Pairing. b) Le mot revoie à un propriété du cerveau, présente chez de de très nombreux organismes et qui consiste à associer, volontairement ou non, deux choses ou plus en fonction de certaines de leurs propriétés. Des études récentes révèlent que des organismes très primitifs, donc dépourvu de cerveau, comme la pieuvre, sont capables de pairer des stimuli. En anglais, on utilise davantage le terme associative learning. = Associer, apprendre, établir une relation. Associative learning. c) En recherche, on paire les sujets/participants d'une recherche afin de former des groupes plus égaux. = Deux à deux, jumeler. Pairing.

Pairs : Ensemble d'individus qui possèdent le même statut social que l'individu qui fait l'objet d'une analyse, d'une évaluation, d'un traitement, et qui sont susceptibles d'influencer cet individu-cible. L'influence des pairs se fait sentir dans de nombreux domaines, notamment : les opinions, la sexualité, la consommation d'alcool et de drogues, la conduite automobile, la motivation scolaire, l'habillement et la mode, etc. Sartre a dit «Pas besoin de gril, l'enfer, c'est les Autres». NDLR : Le terme est rarement utilisé au singulier. = influence des amis, influence des autres. Peer influence. EX: Les pairs d'une anorexique sont ses ami-e-s, les autres adolescent-e-s de son âge. = semblable, les comme-moi. *ami. Pairs, tutorat et influence sociale. Peers, peer influence, peer status.

Pairs
Aide par les pairs/Tutorat	Enseignement par les pairs	Exclusion sociale par les pairs
Comité de lecture/Comité de pairs	Influence des pairs	Observation d'un enseignant par ses pairs
Enseignement de la lecture par les pairs

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	LOVE, K.G. (1981). Comparison of peer assessment methods : Reliability, validity, friendship bias, and user reaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66 (4), 451-457.	GIFFORD-SMITH, M.E. & BROWNELL, C.A. (2003). Childhood peer relationships : social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 235-284. [PDF]
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	DODGE, K.A., SCHLUNDT, D.C., SCHOCKEN, I. & DELUGACH, J.D. (1983). Social competence and children's sociometric status : The role of peer group entry strategies. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 309-336.	CHENG, T.O. (2004). Peer, parental, and commercial influences on cigarette smoking among Chinese youths. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96 (5), 691-692. [PDF]
	WHALEN, C.K., HENKER, B., DOTEMOTO, S. & HINSHAW, S.P. (1983). Child and adolescent perceptions of normal and atypical peers. Child Development, 54, 1588-1598.	HAY, D.F., PAYNE, A. & CHADWICK, A. (2004). Peer relations in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 45 (1), 84-108. [PDF]
	ODOM, S.L. & STRAIN, P.S. (1984). Peer mediates approches to promoting chilfren interaction : A review. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 544-557.	CARRON, A.V. & BURKE, S.M. (2005). Context and physical activity : The influence of others. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 1 (2), 23-31. [PDF]
	STREMMEL, A. & LADD, G.W. (1985). Children’s selective use of peer informants : Criteria for making information-seeking decisions. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146, 541-550.	McAULIFFE, M.D., HUBBARD, J.A. & ROMANO, L.J. (2005). The impact of teacher behavior on children's peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 665-677.
	HYMEL, S. (1986). Interpretations of peer behavior : affective bias in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 57, 431-445.	TROOP-GORDON, W. & LADD, G.W. (2005). Trajectories of peer vctimization and perceptions of the self and schoolmates : Precursors to internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 76 (5), 1072-1091. [PDF]
	PARKER, J.G. & ASHER, S.R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment are low-accepted children at risk. Psychological Buletin, 102 (3), 57-89.	SMITH, T.E. & LEAPER, C. (2006). Self-perceived gender typicality and the peer context during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 91-104.
	PALINSCAR, A.S., BROWN, A.L. & MARTIN, S. (1987). Peer interaction in reading comprehension instruction. Educational Psychologist, 22 (3/4), 231-253.	LUBBERS, M.J., VAN DER WERF, M.P.C., SNIJDERS, T.A.B., CREEMERS, B.P.M. & KUYPER, H. (2006). The impact of peer relations on academic progress in junior high. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 491-512.
	ROOT, L.S. (1987). Faculty evaluation : Reliability of peer assessments of research, teaching, and service. Research in Higher Education, 26, 71-84.	HEILBRON, N. & PRINSTEIN, M.J. (2008). Peer influence and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury : A theoretical review of mechanisms and moderators. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 12, 169-177. [PDF]
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	PERRI, M.G., McADOO, W.G., McALLISTER, D.A., JORDAN, R.C., LAUER, J.B., YANCY, D.Z. & NEZU, A.M. (1987). Effects of peer support and therapist contact on long-term weight loss. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 55, 615-617.	CARRELL, S.E., MALMSTROM, F.V. & WEST, J.E. (2008). Peer effects in academic cheating. Journal Human Resources, 43 (1), 173-207. [PDF]
	WHALEN, C.K., HENKER, B., BUHRMESTER, D., HINSHAW, S.P. HUBER, A. & LASKI, K. (1989). Does stimulant medication improve the peer status of hyperactive children ? Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57, 545-549.	MORROW, M.T., HUBBARD, J.A., RUBIN, R.M. & McAULIFFE, M D. (2008). The relation between childhood aggression and depressive symptoms : The unique and joint mediating roles of peer rejection and peer victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54, 316-340.
	DODGE, K.A., COIE, J.D., PETIT, G.S. & PRICE, J.M. (1990). Peer status and aggression in boys' groups : Developmental and contextual analyses. Child Development, 61, 1289-1309.	BEAVER, K.M., SCHUTT, J.E., BOUTWELL, B.B., RATCHFORD, M., ROBERTS, K. & BARNES, J.C. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on levels of self-control and delinquent peer affiliation : Results from a longitudinal sample of adolescent twins. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 36, 41-60. [PDF]
	ASENDORPF, J. (1990). Beyond social withdrawal : Shyness, unsociability, and peer avoidance. Human Development, 33, 250-259.	PORNARI, C.D. & WOOD, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students : The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81-94.
	CHEN, X., RUBIN, K.H. & SUN, Y. (1992). Social reputation and peer relationships in Chinese and Canadian children : A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 63, 1336-1343.	RUBIN, K.H., KENNEDY, A. & BOWKER, J. (2010). Parents, peers, and social withdrawal in childhood : A relationship perspective. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 127, 79-94. [PDF]
	KRANTZ, P.J. & McCLANNAHAN, L.E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to initiate to peers : Effects of a script fading procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 121-132. [PDF]	VILLANTI, A., BOULAY, M. & JUON H. (2011). Peer, parent and media influences on adolescent smoking by developmental stage. Addictive Behaviors, 36 (1-2), 133-136. [PDF]
	MATTHYS, W., VAN LOO, P., PACHEN, V., DE VRIES, H., VAN HOOFF, J.A. & VAN ENGELAND, H. (1994). Behavior of conduct disordered children in interaction with each other and with normal peers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 25, 183-195.	HAUN, D.B.M. & TOMASELLO, M. (2011). Conformity to peer pressure in preschool children. Child Development, 82 (6), 1759-1767. [PDF]
	SIMPSON, J.A. (1994). Pair bonding as an organizational model for integrating research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 58-61.	VÉZINA, J., HÉBERT, M., POULIN F., LAVOIE, F., VITARO, F. & TREMBLAY, R.E. (2011). Risky lifestyle as a mediator between association with deviant peers and dating violence victimization among adolescent girls. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 40, 814-824.
	MATTHYS, W., DE VRIES, H., HECTORS, A., VEERBEEK, M., HEIDMANN, W., GOUD, M., VAN HOOFF, J.A.RA.M. & VAN ENGELAND, H. (1995). Differences between conduct disordered and normal control children in their tendencies to escalate or neutralize conilicts when interacting with nomial peers Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 26, 29-41.	KOEGEL, L.K., KURIAKOSE, S., SINGH, A.K. & KOEGEL, R.L. (2012). Improving generalization of peer socialization in inclusive school settings using initiations training. Behavior Modification, 36 (3), 361-377. [PDF]
	WENTZEL, K.R. & CALDWELL, K. (1997). Friendships, peer acceptance, and group membership : Relations to academic achievement in middle school. Child Development, 68, 1198-1209.	MORROW, M.T., HUBBARD, J.A., BARNIGHT, L.J. & THOMSON, A.K. (2012). Emotion expression processes in children's peer interaction : The role of peer rejection, aggression, and gender. Child Development, 72, 1426-1438.
	LADD, G.W., KOCHENDERFER, B. & COLEMAN, C. (1997). Classroom peer acceptance, friendship, victimization : Distinct relational systems that contribute uniquely to children's school adjustment ? Child Development, 68 (6), 1081-1097.	TROPP, L.R., O'BRIEN, T. & MIGACHEVA, K. (2014). How peer norms of inclusion and exclusion predict children's interest in cross-ethnic friendships. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 151-166.
	RYS, G.S. & BEAR, G.C. (1997). Relational aggression and peer relations : Gender and developmental issues. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 87-106.	MORROW, M.T., HUBBARD, J.A., BARNIGHT, L.J. & THOMSON, A.K. (2014). Fifth-grade children's daily experiences of peer victimization and negative emotions : Moderating effects of sex and peer rejection. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 1089-1102.
	TASSI, F. & SCHNEIDER, B.H. (1997). Task-oriented versus other-referenced competition : Differential implications for children's peer relations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27 (17), 1557-1580.	BRENDGEN, M., GIRARD, A., VITARO, F., DIONNE, G. & BOIVIN, M. (2016). Personal and familial predictors of peer victimization trajectories from primary to secondary school. Developmental Psychology, 52 (7), 1103-1114.
	LADD, G.W. (1999). Peer relationships and social competence during early and middle childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 333-359.
	WENTZEL, K.R. (1998). Social relationships and motivation in middle school : The role of parents, teachers, and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 (2), 202-209. [PDF]	MORROW, M.T., HUBBARD, J.A., SALLEE, M.L., BARNIGHT, L.J. LINES, M.D. & RUBIN, R.M. (2016). Dyadic accuracy and bias in preadolescents' perceived peer relations : Associations with aggression, depression, and peer victimization. Journal of Personal & Social Relationships, 33, 892-916.
	TURNER, G. (1999). Peer support and young people's health. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 567-572.
	GERRARD, M., GIBBONS, F.X., ZHAO, L., RUSSELL, D.W. & EIS-BERGAN, M. (1999). The effect of peers' alcohol consumption on parental influence : A cognitive mediational model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 32-44.	GARCIA-BACETE, F.J., MARANDE-PERRIN, G., SCHNEIDER, B.H. & CILLESSEN, A.H.N. (2019). Children's awareness of peer rejection and teacher reports of aggressive behavior Psychosocial Intervention, 28 (1), 37-47. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Tutorat et Individu rejeté

Pairs (Comité) : Voir Comité de lecture. Peer review, review process, journal-review process, referee system.

Pairs (Influence) : Voir Pairs. Peers influence.

Pairs (Observation) : Voir Observation par les pairs. Peer observation of classroom teaching.

Pairs (Rejet) : Voir Exclusion sociale et Isolement social. Social exclusion.

Paivio Allan Urho (Thunder Bay 1925-2016) : Psychologue cognitiviste américain d'origine canadienne. Il propose l'existence de deux systèmes de représentation (représentation verbale et images mentales) pour expliquer le fonctionnement de la pensée.

	PAIVIO, A. (1963). Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractedness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 17, 370-379.
	PAIVIO, A. (1965). Abstractness, imagery and meaningfulness in paired associate learning. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 4, 32-38.
	PAIVIO, A. (1969). Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review, 76, 241-263.
	PAIVIO, A. (1975). Imagery and synchronic thinking. Canadian Psychological Review, 16, 147-163.
	PAIVIO, A. (1991). Dual coding theory : Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of psychology, 45 (3), 255-287.
	YULLE, J.C. (1983). Imagery, memory and cognition (PLE: Memory) : Essays in Honor of Allan Paivio. Psychology Press. (3), 255-287.

Paix : Absence de guerre ou diminution de la tension et de violence au sein d'un groupe (ou entre des groupes), entre deux pays/sociétés ou plus, sur un territoire donné. Relations internationales, conflits et paix. Peace.

	KEYNES, J.M. (1920). Economic consequences of the peace. London : Macmillan.	NEURINGER, A. (1988). Personal paths to peace. Behavior Analysis & Social Action, 6, 51-56.
	PIAGET, J. (1934). Une éducation pour la paix est-elle possible ? Bulletin de l'Enseignement de la Société des Nations, 1, 17-23. [PDF]	KELMAN, H.C. (1991). A behavioral science perspective on the study of war and peace. In R. Jessor (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral science : The Colorado lectures (pp. 245-275). Boulder, CO : Westview Press. [PDF]
		HAVARD, G. (1992). La Grande Paix de Montréal : les voies de la diplomatie franco-amérindienne. Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.
	KELMAN, H.C. (1954). A proposed framework for the study of war and peace. Bulletin of the Research Exchange on the Prevention of War, 2 (6), 3-13.	DEUTSCH, M. (1993). Educating for a peaceful world. American Psychologist, 48, 510-517. [PDF]
	RICH, A. & PLATT, J.R. (1966). How to keep the peace. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 14.	BEER, F., SINCLAIR, G., HEALY, A. & BOURNE, L. (1995). Peace agreement, intractable conflict, escalation trajectory : A psychological laboratory experiment. International Studies Quarterly, 39 (3), 297-312.
	TINBERGEN, N. (1968). On war and peace in animals and man : An ethologist's approach to the biology of aggression. Science, 160, 1411-1418.	WEINE, S.M. (1999). Against evil. Peace and conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology, 5 (4), 357-364.
	GALTUNG, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6, 167-191	CAIRNS, E. & HEWSTONE, M. (2002). The impact of peacemaking in Northern Ireland on intergroup behaviour. In G. Salomon & B. Nevo (Eds.), The nature and study of peace education (pp. 217-228). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
		JOHNSON, D.W. & JOHNSON, R.T. (2003). Controversy and peace education. Journal of Research in Education, 13 (1), 71-91.
	ABELSON, R.P. & ZIMBARDO, P.G. (1970). Canvassing for peace : A manual for volunteers. Ann Arbor, MI : Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.	NEPSTAD, S.E. (2004). Religion, violence, and peacemaking. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43, 297-301.
		JOHNSON, D.W. & JOHNSON, R.T. (2005). Essential components of peace education. Theory Into Practice, 44 (4), 280-292.
		JOHNSON, D.W. & JOHNSON, R.T. (2006). Peace education for consensual peace : The essential role of conflict resolution. Journal of Peace Education, 3 (2), 147-174.
	SUEDFELD, P. (1977). War, peace, and integrative complexity : Un speeches on the Middle East problem, 1947-1976. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21 (3), 427-442.	DIENER, E. & TOV, W. (2007). Subjective well-being and peace. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 421-440.
	KELMAN, H.C. (1981). Reflections on the history and status of peace research. Conflict Management & Peace Science, 5 (2), 95-110. [PDF]	TOV, W., DIENER, E., NG, W., KESEBIR, P. & HARTER, J. (2009). The social and economic context of peace and happiness. In R.S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu & Y.Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture : Theory, research, and application. New York : Taylor & Francis Group. [PDF]
		LUTZ, C. & GONZALEZ, R. (2011). The anthropology of peace and war. American Anthropologist, 113 (3), 495.
	ULMAN, J.D. (1986). Working class strategies for world peace. Behavior Analysis & Social Action, 5, 36-43.	BLACK, S.E., DEVEREUX, P.J. & SALVANES, K.G. (2013). Under pressure ? The effect of peers on outcomes of young adults. Journal of Labor Economics, 31 (1), 119-153. [PDF]
		ROBERTS, P. (2018). War and peace in The Law of Peoples : Rawls, Kant and the use of force. Kantian Review, 23 (4), 661-680.
		Voir aussi Conflit, Pacifisme et Guerre

Pakistan : Pays.

	SUEDFELD, P. & JHANGIANI, R. (2009). Cognitive management in an enduring international rivalry : The case of India and Pakistan. Political Psychology, 30, 937-951.
	AHMAD, W. & MAHMOOD, Z. (2011). An empirical investigation of the association between creative advertising and advertising effectiveness in Pakistan. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3 (2), 32-52. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Pays

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences : Revue scientifique de neurologie. Éditeur : Taylor & Francis.

THOMAS, P., BRACKEN, P. & YASMENN, S. (2007). Explanatory models for mental illness : Limitations and dangers in a global context. Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, 176, 176-181. [PDF]

Palfrey Thomas R. ( ) : Politologue américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la décision et de l'intérêt public. Collaborateur de McKelvey.

	PALFREY, T.R. & ROSENTHAL, H. (1983). A strategic calculus of voting. Public Choice, 41 (1), 7-53.
	PALFREY, T.R. & ROSENTHAL, H. (1984). Participation and the provision of discrete public goods : A stategic analysis. Journal of Publics Economics, 24, 171-193.
	PALFREY, T.R. (1984). Spatial equilibrium with entry. Review of Economic Studies, 51 (1), 139-156.
	PALFREY, T.R. & PRISBREY, J.E. (1997). Altruism, reputation, and noise in linear public goods experiments. Journal of Public Economics, 61, 409-427.
	PALFREY, T.R. & PRISBREY, J.E. (1997). Anomalous behavior in linear public goods experiments : How much and why ? American Economic Review, 87, 829-846.

Paléontologie : Paléontologue : Science qui étudie les fossiles des espèces disparues. ( ): Coppens, Cuvier, Eldredge, Gould, Larson, Leakey, Legros,Picq, Simpson, Teilhard de Chardin, Waddington. Paleantology.

	AGER, D.V. (1963). Principles of paleoecology : An introduction to the study of how and where animals and plants lived in the past. New York : McGraw-Hil.
	SHIMADA, K., CURRIE, P.J., SCOTT, E. & SUMIDA, S.S. (2014). The greatest challenge to 21st century paleontology : When commercialization of fossils threatens the science. Palaeontologia Electronica, 17 (1), 1-4. [PDF]

Palestine : État et Conflit Israélo-Plaestinnien. Palestine, Palestinian.

	KELMAN, H.C. (1978). Israelis and Palestinians : Psychological prerequisites for mutual acceptance. International Security, 3 (1), 162-186. [PDF)
	KELMAN, H.C. (1983). Conversations with Arafat : A social-pscyhological assessment of the propects for Israeli-Palestinian peace. American Psychologist, 38, 203-216. [PDF)
	KELMAN, H.C. (1987). The political psychology of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict : How can we overcome the barriers to a negotiated solution ? Political Psychology, 8 (3), 347-363. [PDF]
	AOUN, S. (2002). La problématique de l'état-nation au Moyen Orient : le cas de l'État palestinien. Dans H. Hassan-Yari (Dir.), Le processus de paix au Moyen Orient. Montréal : L'Harmattan.
	SAJID, A. (2005). Islamophobia : A new word for an old fear. Palestine - Israel. Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture, 12 (2), 31-40.
	KELMAN, H.C. (2011). A one-country / two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Middle East Policy Journal, 18 (1), 27-41. [PDF]
		Voir aussi État et Conflit Israélo-Plaestinnien.

Paley William (Peterborough 1743-1805 Bishopwearmouth) : Théologien anglais. Il a développé un argument créationiste (the watchmaker analogy), que Jacob résume ainsi : [...] la principale preuve de l'existence de Dieu a longtemps été l'argument d'intention. Développé notamment par Paley dans sa théologie naturelle, publiée plusieurs années avant L'Origine des espèces, cet argument est le suivant. Si vous trouvez une montre, vous ne doutez pas qu'elle a été fabriquée par un horloger. De même, si vous considérez un organisme un peu complexe, avec l'évidente finalité de tous ses organes, comment ne pas conclure qu'il a été produit par la volonté d'un être supérieur, d'un Créateur ? Car il serait simplement absurde, dit Paley, de supposer que l'oeil d'un mammifère, par exemple, avec la précision de son optique et sa géométrie, aurait pu se former par un pur hasard.

	PALEY, W. (1803). Théologie naturelle.

Palfrey Thomas R. ( ) : Politologue américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la décision et de l'intérêt public. Collaborateur de McKelvey.

	PALFREY, T.R. & ROSENTHAL, H. (1983). A strategic calculus of voting. Public Choice, 41 (1), 7-53.
	PALFREY, T.R. & ROSENTHAL, H. (1984). Participation and the provision of discrete public goods : A stategic analysis. Journal of Publics Economics, 24, 171-193.
	PALFREY, T.R. & POOLE, K.T. (1987). The relationship between information, ideology, and voting behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 31 (3), 511-530.
	PALFREY, T.R. & PRISBREY, J.E. (1997). Altruism, reputation, and noise in linear public goods experiments. Journal of Public Economics, 61, 409-427.
	PALFREY, T.R. & PRISBREY, J.E. (1997). Anomalous behavior in linear public goods experiments : How much and why ? American Economic Review, 87, 829-846.

Palincsar Annemarie Sullivan ( ) : Socioconstructiviste américaine, spécialisée en éducation, en apprentissage scolaire et en métacognition. Collaboratrice de Brown et Campione.

	PALINCSAR, A.S., OGLE, D.S., JONES, B.B. & CARR, E.G. (1986). Teaching reading as thinking. Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
	PALINCSAR, A.S., RANSOM, K. & DERBER, S. (1989). Collaborative research and development of reciprocal teaching. Educational Leadership, 46 (4), 37-40.
	PALINCSAR, A.S. & KLENK, L. (1992). Fostering literacy learning in supportive contexts. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25 (4), 211-229.
	PALINCSAR, A.S., BROWN, L.A. & CAMPIONE, J.C. (1993). First-grade dialogues for knowledge acquisition and use. In E.A. Forman, N. Minick & C. Addison Stone (Eds.), Contexts for learning (pp. 45-51). New York : Oxford University Press.
	PALINCSAR, A.S. (1998). Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 345-375. [PDF]

Palinopsie : Trouble de la perception visuelle caractérisé par la persistance anormale des images après la disparition du stimulus à l'origine de ces images. Palinopsia.

	BENDER, M.B., FELDMAN, M. & SOBIN, A.J. (1968). Palinopsia. Brain, 91 (2), 321-338.
	KAWASAKI, A. & PURVIN, V. (1996). Persistant palinopsia following ingestion of LSD. Archives of Ophtalmology, 114 (1), 47-50.
	POMERANZ, H.D. & LESSELL, S. (2000). Palinopsia and polyopia in the absence of drugs or cerebral disease. Neurology, 54, 855-859.
	EVANS, R.W. (2006). Reversible palinopsia and the Alice in Wonderland syndrome associated with topiramate use in migraineurs. Headache : The Journal of Head & Face Pain, 46 (5), 815-818.
	GERSZTENKORN, D. & LEE, A.G. (2014). Palinopsia revamped : A systematic review of the literature. Survey of Ophthalmology, 60, 1-35.

Pallidum : Voir Globus pallidus. Globus pallidus.

Palmer
Caroline Palmer	David C. Palmer

Palmer Caroline ( ) :  Psychologue canadienne et spécialiste de l'étude de la musique. Elle enseigne à l'Université Mcgill.

	PALMER, C. (1989). Mapping musical thought to musical performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance, 15, 331-346.
	PALMER, C. & KELLEY, M.H. (1992). Linguistic prosody and musical meter in song. Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 525-542.
	PALMER, C. (1996). Anatomy of a performance : sources of musical expression. Music Perception, 13, 433-454.
	PALMER, C. (1997). Music performance. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 115-138. [PDF]
	PALMER, C., SPIDLE, F., KOOPMANS, E. & SCHUBERT, P. (2019). Ears, head and eyes : When singers synchronize. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72 (9), 2272-2287.

Palmer David C. ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain qui s'intéresse à l'apprentissage, et plus particuliè;rement au renforcement automatique et aux comportements verbaux. Collaborateur de Burgos, Donahoe, Michael et Sundberg.

	PALMER, D.C., DONAHOE, J.W. & CROWLEY, M.A. (1985). Discriminated inter-response times : Role of autoshaped responses. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44 (3), 301-313. [PDF]
	PALMER, D.C. & DONAHOE, J.W. (1992). Essentialism and selectionism in cognitive science and behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1344-1358. [PDF]
	PALMER, D.C. (1998). On Skinner's rejection of S-R psychology. The Behavior Analyst, 21 (1), 93-96. [PDF]
	PALMER, D.C. (1999). A call for tutorials on alternative approaches to the study of verbal behavior. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 16, 45-58. [PDF]
	PALMER, D.C. (2010). Behavior under the microscope : Increasing the resolution of our experimental procedures. Behavior Analysis, 33 (1), 37-45. [PDF]

Palo Alto : Voir École de Palo Alto.

Palpitations : Palpitations et trouble panique. Palpitation.

	BILGI, C. & CAMPBELL, R. (1979). Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants. Canadian Family Physician, 25, 619-620, 622, 624-625. [PDF]
	MAYOU, R., SPRIGINGS, D., BIRKHEAD, J. & PRICE, J. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of a brief educational and psychological intervention for patients presenting to a cardiac clinic with palpitation. Psychological Medicine, 32, 699-706.

Panaccio Claude ( ) : Philosophe, épistémologue québécois et spécialiste d'Ockham. Il enseigne à l'Université du Québec à Montréal.

	PANACCIO, C. (1991). Les mots, les concepts et les choses. Paris/Montréal : Vrin/Bellarmin.
	PANACCIO, C. (1992). Les mots, les concepts et les choses. La sémantique de Guillaume d'Occam et le nominalisme d'aujourd'hui. Montréal/Paris : Bellarmin/Vrin.
	PANACCIO, C. (1999). Le discours intérieur. De Platon à Guillaume d'Ockham. Paris : Seuil
	PANACCIO, C. (2007). Mental language and tradition encounters in medieval philosophy : Anselm, Albert and Ockham. Vivarium, 45, 269-282.
	PANACCIO, C. (2009). Le savoir selon Guillaume d'Okcham . Dans R. Nadeau (Dir.), Philosophies de la connaissance (p. 91-109). PUL/Vrin.

Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) : Mammifère de la famille des ursidés. = Ours des bambous. Panda.

	MAPLE, T.L. (2000). Saving the giant panda. Atlanta : Longstreet Press.
	MAPLE, T.L. (2003). Behavioral and developmental consequences of early rearing experience for captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, 235-245.
	KELLING, A.S., SNYDER, R.J., GARDNER, W., MARR, M.J., BLOOMSMITH, M.A. & MAPLE, T.L. (2006). Color vision in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Learning & Behavior, 34 (2), 154-161.
	BURNIE, D. (Dir.) (2001). Animal. Londres : Dorling Kindersley / Le règne animal. Saint-Laurent : Erpi.

Panel d'experts : Panel de juges : En méthodologie, individus choisis par le chercheur pour juger de certains aspects de sa recherche avant sa réalisation (déroulement, outil de collecte, etc.). EX: On demande au panel de juger du degré de beauté d'individus photographiés, photos qui seront ensuite présentées aux participants lors de la recherche afin de mesurer ou de neutraliser l'influence de cette variable. = comité d'experts, juges, jury. Panel.

	ARKES, H.R., HACKETT, C. & BOEHM, L. (1989). The generality of the relation between familiarity and judged validity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2, 81-94.
	ARKES, H.R., BOEHM, L.E. & XU, G. (1991). The determinants of judged validity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 576-605
	LEVINE, E.L. & BAKER, D.P. (1992). Panel appraisals as a criterion in test validation : A demonstration in a law enforcement occupation. Journal of Business & Psychology, 7, 173-188.

Panique : Peur vive et soudaine, qui paralyse ou empêche d'agir efficacement. EX: À la vue d'un accident de voiture avec blessés, certaines personnes paniquent et omettent d'appeler des secours. Parfois le peur est non fondée (aucun danger réel, aucun objet menaçant), on utilise alors le mot trouble panique pour désigner ce problème psychologique. Panic.

	BARLOW, D.H., VERMILYEA, J., BLANCHARD, E., VERMILYEA, B., DINARDO, P. & CERNY, J.A. (1985). The phenomenon of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 320-328.	CRASKE, M.G. & BARLOW, D.H. (1988). A review of the relationship between panic and avoidance. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 667-685.
	AGRAS, W.S. (1985). Panic : Facing fears, phobias, and anxiety. N.Y. : W.H. Freeman & Co.	CRASKE, M.G., RAPEE, R.M. & BARLOW, D.H. (1988). The significance of panic- expectancy for individual patterns of avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 19, 577-592
	ADLER, C., CRASKE, M.G. & BARLOW, D.H. (1987). Relaxation induced panic : When resting isn't peaceful. Journal of Integrative Psychiatry, 5 (2), 94-112.	CRASKE, M.G. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic. In A.J. Frances & R.E. Hales (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (Vol. 7, pp. 121-137). Washington, D.C. : American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
	CRASKE, M.G., SANDERSON, W. & BARLOW, D.H. (1987). The relationships among panic, fear and avoidance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 153-160.	ADLER, C., CRASKE, M.G., KIRSHENBAUM S. & BARLOW, D.H. (1989). "Fear of panic" : An investigation of its role in panic occurrence, phobic avoidance, and treatment outcome. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 27, 391-396.
	BARLOW, D.H. & CRASKE, M.G. (1988). The phenomenology of panic. In S.J. Rachman & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Panic : Psychological perspectives (pp. 11-36). Hillsdale, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.	CRASKE, M.G. & BARLOW, D.H. (1989). Nocturnal panic. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 177, 160-167.
		HOFMANN, S.G. (1999). Relationship between panic and schizophrenia. Depression & Anxiety, 9, 101-106.
		HOFMANN, S.G. (2004). The cognitive model of panic. In M.A. Reinecke and D.A. Clark (Eds.), Cognitive therapy across the lifespan : Evidence and practice (pp. 117-136). Cambridge, U.K. : Cambridge University Press.
		Voir aussi Peur et Trouble panique

Pankratz Loren (Portland 1940-) : Psychologue américain et membre du Comittee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Il s'intéresse notamment au trouble de stress post-traumatique et au syndrome de Munchaussen par procuration.

	PANKRATZ, L. (1979). Procedures for the assessment and treatment of functional sensory deficits. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 47 (2), 409–-410.
	PANKRATZ, L. (1983). A new technique for the assessment and modification of feigned memory deficit. Perceptual and motor skills. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57, 367–-372.
	PANKRATZ, L. & KOFOED, L. (1988). The assessment and treatment of Geezers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259 (8), 1228–-1229.
	PANKRATZ, L. (2006). Persistent problems with the Munchausen syndrome by proxy label. Journal of American Academic Psychiatry & the Law, 34 (1), 90-95. [PDF]
	PANKRATZ, L. (2010). Persistent problems with the "separation test" in Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 38 (3), 307-323. [PDF]

Panksepp Jaak (Tartu 1943-2017 Bowling Green) : Neuropsychologue et éthologiste américain d'origine estonienne, spécialisé dans l'étude des déterminants biogénétiques - notamment l'hypothlamus - des émotions et de l'hyperactivité. Collaborateur de Knutson, Montag et Solms.

	PANKSEPP, J. (1981). The ontogeny of play in rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 14 (4), 327-332.
	PANKSEPP, J., SIVIY, S. & NORMANSHELL, L. (1984). The psychobiology of play : theoretical and methodological perspectives. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 8, 465-492.
	PANKSEPP, J., KNUTSON, B. & BURGDORF, J. (2002). The role of brain emotional systems in addictions : A neuro-evolutionary perspective and new "self-report" animal model. Addiction, 97, 459-469. [PDF]
	PANKSEPP, J. (2005). Affective consciousness : Core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Consciousness & Cognition, 14 (1), 30-80. [PDF]
	PANKSEPP, J. & PANKSEPP, J.P. (2006). The seven sins of evolutionary psychology. Evolution & Cognition, 6 (2), 108-131. [PDF]
	TRACY, J.L. & RANDLES, D. (2011). Four models of basic emotions : A review of Ekman and Cordaro, Izard, Levenson, and Panksepp and Watt. Emotion Review, 3 (4), 397-405. [PDF]

Pansexualité/Pansexualisme : Attirance physique ou attraction interpersonnelle envers une personne sans considération pour son sexe (biologique).
 

Pap Arthur (Zurich 1921-1959) : Philosophe et logicien suisse

	PAP, A. (1943). On the meaning of necessity. Journal of Philosophy 40 (17), 449-458.
	PAP, A. (1944). The different kinds of A priori. Philosophical Review 53 (5), 465-484.
	PAP, A. (1949). Are all necessary propositions analytic ? Philosophical Review, 58, 299-320.
	PAP, A. (1950). Logic and the concept of entailment. Journal of Philosophy, 47, 378-387.
	PAP, A. (1957). Once more : Colors and the synthetic a priori. Philosophical Review, 56, 94-99.
	PUTNAM, H. (1957). Red and green all over again : A rejoinder to Arthur Pap. Philosophical Review, 56, 100-103.
	BLANSCHARD, B. (1962). Epilogue : A Memoir'. In Arthur Pap, an Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (pp. 427-431).
	STUMP, D.J. (2011). Arthur Pap’s functional theory of the a priori. HOPOS : The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 1 (2), 273-290.
	STUMP, D.J. (2020). The Kantian elements in Arthur Pap's philosophy. Journal of Transcendental Philosophy, 2 (1),

Papert Seymour (Pretoria 1928-2016 Blue Hill) : Mathématicien sudafricain et chef de file de perspective cognitive européenne et de intelligence artificielle. Il a développé un langage informatique destiné aux enfants : le logo. Il s'est également intéressé à l'utilisation des ordinateurs en milieu scolaire. Il a dit : « Cybernetics is based on a serious study of ways the best use of limited knowledge ». Étudiant de Piaget. Collaborateur de Cellérier et Minsky.

	PAPERT, S. (1973). Uses of technology to enhance education. Logo Memo 8. Cambridge : Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : Massachusetts Institute of Technology .
	PAPERT, S. (1980/81). Mindstorms : children, computers and powerful ideas / Jaillissement de l'esprit : ordinateurs et apprentissage. New York/Paris : Basic Books/Flammarion.
	PAPERT, S. (1991). Situating constructivism. In I. Harel & S. Papert (Eds.), Constructionism : Research reports and essays, 1985-1990 (pp. 1-11). Norwood, NJ : Ablex.
	PAPERT, S. (1993). The children's machine : Rethinking school in the age of the computer/L'enfant et la machine à connaître. Repenser l'école à l'ère de l'ordinateur. New York : Basic Books/Paris : Dunod.
	PAPERT, S. (1998). Does easy do it ? Children, games and learning. Game Developer, 87-88. [LIRE]

Papez James Wenceslas (Morovia 1883-1958 Glencoe) : Médecin américain d'origine tchèque et spécialiste des déterminants neurobiolgiques des émotions.

	PAPEZ, J.W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 38, 725- 743. [PDF]
	MacCLEAN, P.D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain : Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11,338-353.
	BHATTACHARYY, K.B. (2017). James Wenceslaus Papez, his circuit, and emotion. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 20 (3), 207-210. [LIRE]

Papier-crayon : Voir Test papier-crayon. Paper-and-pencil test, Paper-and-pencil instrument.

Papillon : Insecte. Butterfly.

	BROWER, L. (1988). Avian predation on the monarch butterfly and its implication for mimicry theory. The American Naturalist, 131 (S), 4-6.
	NAIR, A.V., MITRA, P. & ADITYA, S. (2014). Studies on the diversity and abundance of butterfly (Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera) fauna in and around Sarojini Naidu college campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Journal of Entomology & Zoology Studies, 2 (4), 129-134. [PDF]
	THOMAS, J.A. (2016). Butterfly communities under threat. Science, 353 (6296), 216-218.

Pappenheim Bertha (1856-1936) : Mieux connu en psychologie sous le nom d'Anna O., l'une des plus célèbres patientes de Breuer. Elle dirigea un orphelinat à Frankfort et fonda la Ligue des femmes juives. Elle s'intéressa également à la prostitution.

Paquette Daniel ( ) : Psychologue québécois et spécialiste de l'étude de l'agression et de l'attachement, notamment la relation entre les pères et leur enfants. Il enseigne à l'Université de Montréal. Collaborateur de Tremblay et Vitaro.

	PAQUETTE, D. (1994). Fighting and playfighting in captive adolescent chimpanzees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 49-65.
	PAQUETTE, D., CHARBONNEAU, R., DUBEAU, D., BIGRAS, M. & TREMBLAY, R.E. (2003). Prevalence of father-child rough-and-tumble play and physical aggression in preschool children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18 (2), 171-189. [PDF]
	PAQUETTE, D. (2004). La relation père-enfant et l'ouverture au monde. Enfance, 2, 205-225. [PDF]
	PAQUETTE, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship : mechamisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47 (4), 193-219. [PDF]
	PAQUETTE, D. & DUMONT, C. (2013). The father-child activation relationship, sex differences, and attachment disorganization in toddlerhood. Child Development Research, 2013, 1-9. [PDF]

Para : Préfixe qui signifie à côté, non-officiel.

Para-
Paralangage	Paranormal	Paraprofessionel
Paramètre d'une réponse	Paraphilie	Parapsychologie
Paramètre statistique	Paraphrase/Paraphraser	Parasomnie
Parallèle	Paraphrénie	Parasuicide

Parachutage politique : Stratégie mise de l'avant par certains partis politiques qui consiste, à la veille d'une élection, à larguer un candidat et son équipe en sol étranger (d'où le mot parachute), c-à-d dans un comté ou une circonscription que le candidat connaît peu ou pas, ni d'Adam ni d'Eve.
 

MASSICOTTE, L. et BLAIS, A. (2003). Me voilà : trouvez-moi un comté. Expériences canadiennes en matière de parachutage politique. Dans B. Dolez et M. Hastings (Dirs.), Le parachutage politique. Paris : L'Harmattan.

Parade (sexuelle) : Rituel comportemental servant de prélude à l’accouplement chez de nombreuses espèces animales.
 

Parade d'identifcation des suspects : Voir Identification (des suspects). Face identification.

Paradigme : Le mot a deux acceptions complémentaires : a) Au sens large, paradigme signifie nouvelle perspective, façon différente de voir les choses, d'envisager une situation, d'examiner une réalité, un problème. Conceptual change, new idea, new perspective. b) De manière plus précise, ce concept, développé par Kuhn, désigne la théorie dominante qui règne dans une science à une époque donnée. Le paradigme est donc un ensemble de concepts, de méthodes et de procédés scientifiques, bref de façons de faire nouvelles qui permettent de résoudre des problèmes que les paradigmes antérieurs n'étaient par parvenus à résoudre de manière satisfaisante (anomalie). Pour Kuhn, les paradigmes sont incommensurables; ils ne peuvent être comparés entre eux, car, par définition, le paradigme définit ses propres critères de vérité et ses propres conditions de mise à l'épreuve de leurs hypothèses. EX: la théorie de la relativité d'Einstein est un paradigme qui explique des phénomènes que la théorie de Newton était incapable d'expliquer ou même d'envisager; idem pour la théorie de Darwin qui a remplacé le paradigme créationniste. NDLR : Sauf dans certains états américains ! Certains historiens et épistémologues des sciences considèrent qu'il n'existe pas de paradigme en psychologie; d'autres prétendent que le cognitivisme serait devenu le nouveau paradigme de cette science, en succédant au béhaviorisme à la fin des années 60. Il y a donc là matière à débat. = nouvelle perspective, nouvelle vision des choses, révolution scientifique. Paradigm, scientific revolution, mode of thought, scientific trend.

	a
	BRUNER, J.S. & POSTMAN, L. (1949). On the perception of incongruity : A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206-223.	PEPLAU, L.A. & GARNETS, L.D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexuality and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (2), 329-350. [PDF]
		KURTZ, P. (2001). Skepticism and humanism : The new paradigm. Routledge.
	OVERTON, W.F. & REESE, H.W. (1972). On paradigm shifts. American Psychologist, 27, 1197-1199.	BLASS, T. & SCHMITT, C. (2001). The nature of perceived authority in the Milgram paradigm : Two replications. Current Psychology, 20, 115-121.
		OVERTON, W.F. (2013). A new paradigm for developmental science : Relationism and relational-developmental-systems. Applied Developmental Science, 17 (2), 94-107.
	LANTÉRI-LAURA, G. (1998). Essai sur les paradigmes de la psychiatrie moderne. Paris : Éditions du Temps.	HASLAM, S.A., REICHER, S. & BIRNEY, M.E. (2014). Nothing by mere authority : Evidence that in an experimental analogue of the Milgram paradigm participants are motivated not by orders but by appeals to science. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 473-488. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Nouveauté et Perspective
	b
	LEWIN, K. (1931). The conflict between Aristotelian and Galileian modes of thought in contemporary psychology. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 5, 141-177.	ROBINSON, D.N. (2000). Paradigms and "the myth of framework" : how science progresses. Theory & Psychology, 10, 39-47.
	KUHN, T.S. (1962/1983). The structure of scientific revolutions / La structure des révolutions scientifiques. Chicago : University of Chicago/Paris : Flammarion.	KENRICK, D.T., MANER, J.K., BUTNER, J., LI, N.P, BECKER, D.V. & SCHALLER, M. (2002). Dynamical evolutionary pychology : Mapping the domains of the new interactionist paradigm. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6 (4), 347-356. [PDF]
	OVERTON, W.F. & REESE, H.W. (1972). On paradigm shifts. American Psychologist, 27, 1197-1199.	MILLER, G.A. (2003). The cognitive revolution : A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (3), 141. [PDF]
	WARREN, N. (1971). Is a scientific revolution taking place in psychology ? Doubts and reservations. Science Studies, 4, 407-413.	TRACY, J.L., ROBINS, R.W. & GOSLING, S.D. (2004). Tracking trends in psychological science : An empirical analysis of the history of psychology. In T.C. Dalton & R.B. Evans (Eds.), The life cycle of psychological ideas. (pp. 105-130). New York : Kluwer Academic. [PDF]
	WEIMER, W.B. & PALERMO, D.S. (1973). Paradigms and normal science in psychology. Science Studies, 3, 211-244.
	MASTERMAN, M. (1974). The nature of a paradigm. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave. (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 59-89). Cambridge, UK : University Press.
	PERRY, N. (1977). A comparative analysis of "Paradigm" proliferation. British Journal of Sociology, 28, 38-50.
	KUHN, T.S. (1977/90). The essential tension /La tension essentielle : Tradition et changement dans les Sciences. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
	TRYON, W.W. (1977). Another example of a paradigm clash : A reply to Bixenstein's "criticisms". American Psychologist, 32, 575-576.	NICHOLSON, N. & WHITE, R. (2006). Darwinism : A new paradigm for organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 111-119. [PDF]
	BANDURA, A. (1978). On paradigms and recycled ideologies. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 2, 79-103. [PDF]
	GUTTING, G. (1980). Paradigms and revolutions. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press.
	HENLEY, T.B. (1989). Meehl revisited : A look at paradigms in psychology. Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 9 (1), 30-36.	VAN HAAFTEN, W. (2007). Conceptual change and paradigm change : What's the difference ? Theory Psychology 17, 59-85.
	VARGAS, E.A. (1991). Behaviorology : Its paradigm. In W. Ishaq (Ed.). Human behavior in today's world (pp. 139-147). New York : Praeger.	MORGAN, D.L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained : Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 48-76.
	ULMAN, J.D. (1992). Behaviorology and psychology are incommensurable paradigms : A rejoinder to Staats. Behaviorological Commentaries, 2, 23-28.
	FRIMAN, P.C., ALLEN, K.D., KERWIN, M.L.E. & LARZELERE, R. (1993). A citation analysis of the Kuhnian displacement thesis. American Psychologist, 48 (6), 658-664.	OVERTON, W.F. (2012). Evolving scientific paradigms : Retrospective and prospective. In L. L’Abate (Ed.), The role of paradigms in theory construction. (pp. 31-65). New York : Springer.
	ROBINS, R.W. & CRAIK, K.H. (1994). A more appropriate test of the Kuhnian displacement thesis. American Psychologist, 49 (9), 815-816. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Anomalie, Incommensurabilité, Théorie et Kuhn

Paradies Yin C. (1934-) : Philosophe australien et spécialiste de l'étude du racisme.

	PARADIES, Y.C. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35 (4), 888-901. [PDF]
	PARADIES, Y.C. (2006). Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Critical Public Health, 16 (2), 143-157.
	PARADIES, Y.C., MONTOYA, M.J. & FULLERTON, S.M. (2007). Racialized genetics and the study of complex diseases : The thrifty genotype revisited. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine, 50 (2), 203-227.
	PARADIES, Y.C. & CUNNINGHAM, J. (2012). The DRUID study : Exploring mediating pathways between racism and depressive symptoms among Indigenous Australians. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 165-173.
	PARADIES, Y.C., TRUONG, M. & PRIEST, N. (2014). A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29 (2), 364-387.

Paradis fiscal : Pays ou territoire dont les niveaux d'imposition pour les particuliers et les entreprises sont nulles ou faibles.

	DENEAULT, A. (2014). Paradis fiscaux : La fillière canadienne : Barbade, Caïmans, Bahamas, Nouvelle-Écosse, Ontario... Montréal : Écosociété.
	DENEAULT, A. (2016). Une escroquerie légalisée : Précis sur les "paradis fiscaux". Montréal : Écosociété.

Paradoxe : Du grec para, qui signifie «contre» et doxa, qui veut dire «opinion». En logique, raisonnement ou problème sans solution. EX: Paradoxe du barbier. De façon générale, le paradoxe désigne deux propositions contradictoires en apparence incompatibles. ( ): Voir tableau ci-dessous. Paradox.

Paradoxes
Paradoxe auditif	Paradoxe de l'âne de Buridan	Paradoxe du thon
Paradoxe de condorcet	Paradoxe de la valeur C	Paradoxe de Yule-Simpson
Paradoxe de Ellsberg	Paradoxe du barbier	Pari de Pascal
	Paradoxe du menteur	Paradoxe du risquerelatif/absolu

	MOWRER, O.H. (1948). Learning theory and the neurotic paradox.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 18, 571-609.	ABELSON, R.P. (1985). A variance explanation paradox : When a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97 (1), 129-133. [PDF]
	MEEHL, P.E. (1950). A most peculiar paradox. Philosophical Studies, 1, 47-48. [PDF]	RICHARD, D.L. (1987). Les facteurs de risque coronarien : Le paradoxe francais. Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, 80, 17-21.
	QUINE, W.V.O. (1966). The ways of paradox. Harvard UP.	JACKENDOFF, R. (1991). The paradox of language acquisition. Teaching Thinking & Problem Solving, 13 (5), 1-6.
		BAIROCH, P. (1994).Mythes et paradoxe de l'histoire économique. Paris : La découverte.
		YABLO, S. (1997). Paradox without self-reference. Analysis, 53, 251-252. [PDF]
	MACKIE, J.L. (1973). Truth, probability and paradox. Oxford : Clarendon Press.	CROW, T.J. (2000). Schizophrenia as the price that homo sapiens pays for language : a resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species. Brain Research Reviews, 31 (2-3), 118-129.
	WATLAWICK, P., WEAKLAND, J. & FISH, R. (1975/81). Changements, paradoxes et psychothérapies. Paris : Éditions du Seuil/Collection Points.	DEUTSCH, D. (2002). A musical paradox. Music Perception, 3 (3), 275-280. [PDF]
	RAPPAPORT, J. (1981). In praise of paradox : A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9 (1), 1-25. [PDF]	ROZIN, P., KABNICK, K., PETE, E., FISCHLER, C. & SHIELDS, C. (2003). The ecology of eating : Part of the French paradox results from lower food intake in French than Americans, because of smaller portion sizes. Psychological Science, 14 (3), 450-454. [PDF]
		BIRNBAUM, M.H. (2008). New paradoxes of risky decision making. Psychological Review, 115 (2), 463-501. [PDF]
	YABLO, S. (1982). Grounding, dependence, and paradox. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 11, 117-137.	FLYNN, J.R. (1984).The "Flynn effect" and Flynn's paradox. Intelligence, 41 (6), 851-857.
		Voir aussi Raisonnement

Paradoxe auditif : Paradoxe découvert par Condorcet.
 

DEUTSCH, D. (2002). A musical paradox. Music Perception, 3 (3), 275-280. [PDF]

Paradoxe d'Allais : Paradoxe découvert par Allais.

	ALLAIS, M. (1953). Le comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque, critique des postulats et axiomes de l'école américaine. Econometrica, 21, 503-546.
	BIRNBAUM, M.H. (2007). Tests of branch splitting and branch-splitting independence in Allais paradoxes with positive and mixed consequences. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 102, 154-173. [PDF]
	ZENTALL, T.R. & STAGNER, J.P. (2011). Suboptimal choice by pigeons : Failure to support the Allais paradox. Learning & Motivation, 42, 245-254.
	Voir aussi Paradoxe

Paradoxe de Condorcet : Paradoxe découvert par Condorcet. Condorcet jury theorem.

	GROFMAN, B. & OWEN, G. (1986). Condorcet models, avenues for future research. In B. Grofman & G. Owen (Eds.), Information pooling and group decision making (pp. 93-102). Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
	BOLAND, P.J. (1989). Majority systems and the Condorcet jury theorem. The Statistician, 38, 181-189.
	AUSTEN-SMITH, D. & BANKS, J.S. (1996). Information aggregation, rationality, and the Condorcet jury theorem. American Political Science Review, 90 (1), 34-45.
	McLENNAN, A. (1998). Consequences of the Condorcet jury theorem for benecial information aggregation by rational agents. American Political Science Review, 92, 413-418.
	LASLIER, J.F. & WEIBULL, J. (2013). An incentive-compatible Condorcet jury theorem. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 115, 84-108.
	Voir aussi Paradoxe

Paradoxe de Ellsberg : Paradoxe découvert par Ellsberg. Ellsberg paradox.

	SEGAL, U. (1987). The Ellsberg paradox and risk aversion : An anticipated utility approach. International Economic Review, 28 (1), 175–202.
	Voir aussi Paradoxe

Paradoxe de l'âne de Buridan : Allégorie sur l'hésitation, la rationalité et l'absurdité de la vie. Un âne, à équidistance entre deux bottes de foin identiques (A et B), ne trouve aucune raison de choisir la botte A plutôt que la B et finira en raison de son hésitation par mourir de faim; s'il avait choisi la botte de foin au hasard, où s'il avait été moins rationnel, il aurait survécu à cette épreuve. Ce dilemme oppose parfois une botte de foin (ou picotin d'avoine) et un sceau d'eau et (donc deux besoins d'importance égale). Contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait croire, ce dilemme n'a pas été formulé par Buridan. Paradox of Buridan's ass.

	RESCHER, N. (1960). Choice without preference : A study of the logic and of the history of the problem of "Buridan's ass". Kantstudien, 51, 142-175.
	RESCHER, N. (1960). The paradox of Buridan's ass : A fundamental problem in the theory of reasoned choice. Bucknell Review, 9, 106-122.
	HUBIEN, H. (1975). John Buridan on the fourth figure of the syllogism. Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 29, 271-285.
	Voir aussi Paradoxe

Paradoxe de la valeur C : C pour codant. Désigne l'absence ou la faible corrélation entre la complexité apparente des êtres vivants et la taille de leur génome. Paradoxe de la valeur C et gène non-codant.
 

OHNO, S. (1972). So much "junk DNA" in our genome. Evolution of Genetic Systems, 23, 366-370.

Paradoxe de Yule-Simpson : Tendance observé entre deux échantillons de données nominales qui disparaît ou même s'inverse lorsque les résultats de ces deux échantillons sont combinés. Autrement dit, l'analyse des deux échantillons combinés semble contredire ce qu'on a observé dans chacun des échantillons. Ce paradoxe peut être éviter en neutralisant les covariables de la recherche ou en comparant des échantillons de tailles équivalentes ou identiques. = Yule-Simpson effect.

	YULE, G.U. (1903). Notes on the theory of association of attributes of statistics. Biometrika, 2 (2), 121-134.	REINTJES R, DE BOER A, VAN PELT W, DE GROOT J.M. (2000). Simpson's paradox : An example from hospital epidemiology. Epidemiology, 11, 81-83.
	SIMPSON, E.H. (1951). The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 13 (2), 238-241.	BAKER, S.G. & KRAMER, B.S. (2001). Good for women, good for men, bad for people : Simpson's paradox and the importance of sex-specific analysis in observational studies. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 10 (9), 867-872.
	BLYTH, C. R. (1972). On Simpson's paradox and the sure-thing principle. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67 (338), 364-366.	ALTMAN, D.G. & DEEKS, J.J. (2002). Meta-analysis, Simpson's paradox, and the number needed to treat. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2 [3], 1-5. [PDF]
	WAGNER, C.H. (1982). Simpson's paradox Aand randomization. The American Statistician, 36 (1), 46-48.	CATES, C. (2002). Simpson's paradox and calculation of number needed to treat from meta-analysis. BMC Medical Research Mathodology, 2 [1], 1-4. [PDF]
	PAIK, M.J. (1985). A graphic representation of a three-way contingency tables : Simpson's paradox and correlation. The American Statistician, 36, 43-46.	ALLISON, V.J. & GOLDBERG, D.E. (2002). Species-level versus community-level patterns of mycorrhizal dependence on phosphorus : an example of Simpson's paradox. Functional Ecology, 16 (3), 346-352.
	HUH, M.H. (1987). Chances of Simpson's paradox. Journal of the Korean Statistical Society, 16 (2), 113-116.	BIGELOW, J. (2004). Simpson's paradox. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
	JEON, J.-W-, CHUNG, H.-Y. & BAE, J.S. (1987). Chances of Simpson's paradox. Journal of the Korean Statistical Society, 16 (2), 117-125. [PDF]	TU, Y.-K., GUNNELLI, D. & GILTHORPE, M. S. (2008). Simpson’s paradox, lord’s paradox and suppres- sion effects are the same phenomenon - The reversal paradox. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 5.
	MITTAL, Y. (1991). Homogeneity of subpopulations and Simpson's paradox. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 86 (413), 167-172.	RÜCKER, G. & SCHUMAKER, M. (2008). Simpson's paradox visualized : The example of the Rosiglitazone meta-analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8 [34], 1-8. [PDF]
	JULIOUS, S.A. & MULLEE, M.A. (1994). Confounding and Simpson's paradox. British Medical Journal, 309 (6967), 1480-1481.	RAMANANA-RAHARY, S., ZITT, M. & ROUSSEAU, R. (2009). Aggregation properties of relative impact and other classical indicators : convexity issues and the Yule-Simpson paradox. Scientometrics, 9 (2), 311-327.
	APPLETON, D., FRENCH, J. & VANDERPUMP, M. (1996). Ignoring a covariate : An example of Simpson's paradox. The American Statistician, 50 (4), 340-341.	WANG, Z. & ROUSSEAU, R. (2021). COVID-19, the Yule-Simpson paradox and research evaluation. Scientometrics, 26, 3501-3511. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Paradoxe et Erreur écologique

Paradoxe du barbier : Paradoxe découvert par Russel.
 

Paradoxe du menteur : Koyré a proposé une solution à ce paradoxe.
 

Paradoxe du risque relatif/absolu :
 

BUCELLA, F. (2019). Le paradoxe du risque relatif. BIO Web of Conferences, 15, 1-7. [PDF]

Paradoxe du thon : Paradoxe, proposé par l'auteur de ce lexique, qui illustre le cas suivant : celui qui se sacrifie pour une cause, croyant ainsi améliorer la situation, voire contribuer à la résolution d'un problème, perd doublement. Ce qui est paradoxal ici, c'est que celui qui se sacrifie est convaincu que son sacrifice ne peut d'aucune manière se retourner contre lui. «J'agis correctement, alors pourquoi serais-je puni ? Je fais partie des bons ? » EX: Jaques adore le thon rouge. Sachant que la ressource est en voie de disparition, il cesse d'en manger. Et selon lui, tout le monde agira ainsi, car «c'est ce qu'il faut faire si l'on veut sauver la planète». Mais, s'il est le seul à se priver, et que les autres continuent d'en consommer, la ressource s'épuise. Le jour où Jacques décide de s'offrir un sashimi de thon, il réalise que son sacrifice (perte) a été fait en vain (double-perte) puisqu'il n'y a plus un seul thon. Les individus conscients de ce paradoxe refusent généralement d'agir les premiers. Ce paradoxe met en lumière la nécessité de synchroniser les efforts pour créer un véritable changement à grande échelle et empêcher les tricheurs de se multiplier. Paradoxe du thon et réchauffement climatique. Tuna paradox.

 

Paragraphe : Division d'un texte qui permet d'en organiser les idées. Paragraph.
 

HYODO, M., LE NY, J.F. & ACHOUR, L. (1994). The course of representation in memory during the comprehension of paragraphs. International Journal of Psychology, 29, 565-590.

Paralangage : Voir Langage (Para).

Parallaxe de mouvement : Indice monoculaire de profondeur qui relève du fait que lorsqu'un individu est en mouvement, les objets rapprochés semblent se déplacer plus rapidement que les objets éloignés. La vitesse apparente de déplacement d'un objet nous informe donc sur la distance de cet objet.
 

TOZAWA, J., TORII, S. & MOCHIZUKI, T. (2006). Effects of motion parallax and perspective cues on perceived size and distance. Perception, 10, 89-93.

Parallèle (Faire) : Le terme a deux acceptions : a) Opération mentale qui consiste à comparer deux objets, semblables à certains égards, afin que les propriétés de l'un d'entre eux puissent servir à mieux décrire et expliquer les propriétés de l'autre. EX: Plusieurs psychologues tracent un parallèle entre un ordinateur (objet 1) et un cerveau (objet 2), notamment sur le plan de la mémoire (propriété de 1 et 2). En science, on appelle ces parallèles des modèles. Parallel. b) Le terme est également utilisé pour désigner le fonctionnement de deux choses, physiquement proches, qui ne rencontrent jamais mais se déroulent au même endroit souvent au même moment (simultanément). EX: Plusieurs psychologues croient que le cerveau est capable de traiter indépendamment et simultanément deux informations distinctes. (on dira alors en «traitement parallèle»).

	a
	PRINGLE, J.W.S. (1951). On the parallel between learning and evolution. Behaviour, 3, 174-215.
	Voir aussi Opération mentale
	b
		Voir aussi Traitement parallèle de l'information

Parallélisme : Parallelism :
 

NATSOULAS, T. (1970). Gustav Bergmann's psychophysiological parallelism. Behaviorism, 12 (1), 41-69.

Paralysie (comportementale) : Incapacité d'agir, d'émettre le bon comportement, alors qu'il le faudrait, que la situation le commande. EX: Incapacité de fuir à la vue d'un ours.
 

Paralysie du sommeil : Voir Sommeil (Paralysie).

Paramécie (Paramecium caudatum) : Protozoaire. = Pantoufle, infusoire. Paramecia.

	ARMUS, H.L. & MONTGOMERY, A.R. (2001). Aversive and attractive properties of electrical stimulation for Paramecium Caudatum. Psychological Reports, 89, 342-344.
	ARMUS, H.L., MONTGOMERY, A.R. & GURNEY, R.L. (2006). Discrimination learning and extinction in paramecia (P. caudatum). Psychological Reports, 98, 705-711.
	ARMUS, H.L., MONTGOMERY, A.R. & JELLISON, J.L. (2006). Discrimination learning in pramecia (P. caudatum). The Psychological Record, 56, 489-498. [PDF]
	MINGEE, C.M. & ARMUS, H.L. (2009). Unsuccessful reinforcement of a discrete action in paramecia (P. caudatum). Psychological Reports, 105, 533-538.
	Voir aussi Paramécie

Paramètre (d'une réponse) : Les paramètres sont les aspects ou les dimensions mesurables d'un indicateur (un comportement, une réponse physiologique, etc.). EX: Mesurer le nombre de fois (fréquence) qu'un enfant pleure (comportement) en une journée (intervalle de temps). ( ): Voir tableau ci-dessous. Parameter.

Exemples	Indicateurs	Paramètres
	Pleurer	Fréquence
	Comportement d'aide	Durée

Paramètres d'une réponse
Absence/présence	Intensité	Latence
Amplitude	Intervalle de temps	Précision
Fréquence	Durée	Séquence ou ordre

	LYON, D.O. (1963). Frequency of reinforcement as a parameter of conditioned suppression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12 (5), 723-730. [PDF]
	FAGEN, R.M. & YOUNG, D.Y. (1978). Temporal patterns of behaviour : Durations, intervals, latencies and sequences. In P.W. Colgan (Ed.), Quantitative ethology (pp. 79-114). New York : Wiley.

Paramètre statistique : Ce sont les aspects ou les dimensions mesurables d'une distribution. EX: La moyenne est un paramètre de la distribution normale.
 

Paranoïa : Paranoïaque : Du grec para qui signifie «coté» et nous qui signifie «esprit». Délire de la pensée qui se fonde sur une perception erronée de la réalité; et qui se caractérise par les sympômes suivants : méfiance extrême à l'égard des autres et sentiment de persécution (Ils sont là, derrière la porte, sous ma peau...), une surestimation démesurée et pathologique de soi-même (Je suis le plus beau, le meilleur, etc.), une susceptibilité à fleur de peau (Une petite erreur, moi... Impossible !), un jugement erroné. (Le Québec ne sera jamais un pays, tout le monde sait ça). Paranoïa, Personnalité paranoïaque et schizophrénie paranoïaque. Paranoïd, paranoïd ideation.

Paranoïa
Délire paranoïque	Personnalité paranoïaque	Schizophrénie paranoïaque

	ROSENFELD, H. (1949). Remarks on the relation of male homosexuality to paranoia, paranoid anxiety and narcissism. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 30, 36-47.	CHADWICK, P.D.J., BIRCHWOOD, M.J. & TROWER, P. (1996). Cognitive therapy for delusions, voices and paranoia. Chichester, UK : Wiley.
	LEMERT, E. (1962). Paranoia and the dynamics of exclusion. Sociometry, 25 (1), 2-20	FREEMAN, D., GARETY, P.A., BEBBINGTON, P. E., SMITH, B., ROLLINSON, R., FOWLER, D., KUIPERS, E., RAY, K. & DUNN, G. (2005). Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 427-435.
	GILLIS, J. & DAVIS, K.E. (1973). The effects of amphetamine and chloropromazine on complex thinking in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. In D. Summers and L. Rappaport (Eds.), Human judgment and social interaction (pp. 170-184). New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
	KENDLER, K.S. (1980). The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder) : A review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 699-706.	GILBERT, P., BOXALL, M., CHEUNG, M. & IRONS, C. (2005). The relation of paranoid ideation and social anxiety in a mixed clinical population. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 124-133.
	CARSTENSEN, L.L. & FREMOUW, W.J. (1981). The demonstration of a behavioral intervention for late life paranoia. The Gerontologist, 21, 329-333.	COMBS, D.R., TIEGREEN, J. & NELSON, A. (2007). The use of behavioral experiments to modify delusion and paranoia : Clinical guidelines and recommendations. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation & Therapy, 3 (1), 30-37. [PDF]
	FENIGSTEIN, A. & VANABLE, P.A. (1992). Paranoia and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 62, 129-138.	CHADWICK, P.D.J., HUGHES, S., RUSSELL, D., RUSSELL, I. & DAGNA, D. (2009). Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia : a replication and feasibility trial. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 403-412.
		WILSON, M.S. & ROSE, C. (2013). “The role of paranoia in a dual-process motivational model of conspiracy belief. In J.W. van Prooijen & P.A.M. van Lange (Eds.), Power, politics, and paranoia. (pp. 273–291). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
		Voir Personnalité paranoïaque, Exclusion et Délire

Paranormal : Voir Phénomène paranormal ou Parapsychologie. Psi phenomena, Extra-Sensoriel-Perception, ESP.

Paraphilie : Terme proposé en 1980 (DSM-III) pour remplacer l'expression déviance sexuelle. Il désigne l'ensemble de comportements sexuels caractérisé par le choix préférentiel et répétitif, parfois exclusif, d'objets, de rituels ou de situations atypiques comme moyen d'excitation et d'obtention d'un plaisir sexuel. = déviance sexuelle, perversion, plaisir sexuel atypique. ( ): Voir tableau ci-dessous. Paraphilia, paraphilic disorder, sexual deviance, sexual aberration.

Types de paraphilie
Coprophalie	Frotteurisme	Pictophilie
Éonisme	Mésomorphilie	Somnophilie
		Trouble hypersexuel
Exhibitionnisme	Mysophilie	Urophilie
Coprophalie	Nécrophilie	Voyeurisme
Fétichisme	Pédophilie	Zoophilie

	KRAFFT-EBING, R.F. (1886/32). Psychopathia sexualis. Physicians and Surgeons Book Company.	ABEL, G.G. & OSBORN, C.A. (2000). The paraphilias. In M.G. Gelder, J.J. Lopez-Ibor & N. Andreasen (Eds.), New Oxford textbook of psychiatry (pp. 897-913). New York : Oxford.
	STEKEL, W. (1930). Sexual aberrations : The phenomenon of fetishism in relation to sex. Liveright Publishing.	MOSER, C.A. (2001). Paraphilia : Another confused sexological concept In P.J. Kleinplatz (Ed.), New directions in sex therapy-innovations and alternatives. Brunner-Routledge.
	ELLIS, A. (1952). Perversions and neurosis. International Journal of Sexology, 55, 135-138.	SPITZER, R.L. & WAKEFIELD, J.C. (2002). Why pedophilia is a disorder of sexual attraction at least sometimes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 499-500.
	STOLLER, R.J. (1978). La perversion forme érotique de la haine. Paris : Payot.	WEIDERMAN, M. (2003). Paraphilia and fetishism. The Family Journal, 11 (3), 315-321. [PDF]
	MONEY, J. (1986). Lovemaps : Clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition in childhood, adolescence, and maturity. New York : Irvington.	MOSER, C.A. & KLEINPLATZ, P.J. (2005). DSM-IV-TR and the paraphilias : An argument for removal. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 17 (3/4), 91-109.
		FIRST, M.B. & FRANCES, A. (2008). Issues for DSM-5 : Unintended consequences of small changes : The case of paraphilias [Editorial]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1240-1241.
		DECLUE, G. (2009). Paraphilia NOS and sexual disorder NOS. Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1, 1-29.
	GABBARD, G.O. (1990). Dynamic approaches to the paraphilias. Directions in Psychiatry, 10 (6), 1-8.	HINDERLITER, A.C. (2010). Defining paraphilia : excluding exclusion. Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2, 241-271. [PDF]
	FEDOROFF, J.P. (1992). Buspirone hydrochloride in the treatment of an atypical paraphilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21, 403-408.	THORNTON, D. (2010). Evidence regarding the need for a diagnostic category for a coercive paraphilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 411-418.
	BRADFORD, J.M.W., BOULET, J. & PAWLAK, A. (1992). The paraphilias : A multiplicity of deviant behaviours. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 104-108.	QUINSEY, V.L. (2010). Coercive paraphilic disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 405-410. [PDF]
	LAWS, D.L. & O'DONOHUE, W. (Eds.) (1997). Sexual deviance : Theory, assessment, and treatment. Guilford Press.	MARSH, B.L., ODLAUG, B.A.,THOMARIOS, N., DAVIS, A.A., BUCHANAN, B.S., MEYER, C.S. & GRANT, J.E. (2010). Paraphilias in adult psychiatric inpatients. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 22 (2), 129-134. [PDF]
	TRUDEL, G. (1988). Les dysfonctions sexuelles. Montréal. Les Presses de l'Université du Québec.	Voir aussi Déviance sexuelle et Plaisir sexuel

Paraphrase : Paraphraser : Consiste à transformer la structure d'une phrase (syntaxe) ou d'un texte, sans en modifier le sens, donc en préservant l'idée à l'origine de cette phrase et, en science, en citant la source de cette idée. Paraphraser, écrire et plagier. = reformuler, dire dans ses mots. Paraphrasing.

	GLEITMAN, L. & GLEITMAN, H. (1970). Phrase and paraphrase. New York : W.W. Norton.
	LE NY, J.F. (1988). L'ambiguïté et la paraphrase en psychologie cognitive. In C. Fuchs (Dir.), L'ambiguïté et la paraphrase (p. 21-27). Caen : Publications de l'Université de Caen.
	ROIG, M. (1999). When college students' attempts at paraphrasing become instances of potential plagiarism. Psychological Reports, 84 (3), 973-982.
	ROIG, M. (2001). Plagiarism and paraphrasing criteria of college and university professors. Ethics & Behavior, 11 (3), 307-324.
	SHIRLEY, S. (2004). The art of paraphrase. Teaching English in the Two-Year College, 22 (2), 186-189.
	BARRY, E.S. (2006). Can paraphrasing practice help students define plagiarism ? College Student Journal, 4 (2), 377-384.
		Voir aussi Tricherie et Écrire

Paraphrénie : Type de psychose chronique non-dissociative qui se caractérise par des délires concentrés dans certaines sphères d'activités de la vie quotidienne. Paraphrenia.

	KAY, D.W.K. & ROTH, M. (1961). Environmental and hereditary factors in schizophrenias of old-age (late paraphrenia) and their bearing on general problem of causation in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 649.
	HERBERT, M.E. & JACOBSON, S. (1967). Late paraphrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 461-469.
	IMEIDA, O.P., HOWARD, R.J. & LEVY, R. (1992). Late paraphrenia : a review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 543-548.
	IMEIDA, O.P., HOWARD, R.J., LEVY, R. & DAVID, A S. (1995). Psychotic states arising in late life (late paraphrenia) : The role of risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 215-228.
	ROTH, M. & KAY, D.W.K. (1998). Late paraphrenia : A variant of schizophrenia manifest in late life or an organic clinical syndrome ? A review of recent evidence. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 775-784.
	RAVINDRAN, A.V., YATHAM, L.N. & MUNRO, A. (1999). Paraphrenia redefined. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/ Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 44, 133-137.
	CASANOVA, M.F. (2010). The pathology of paraphrenia. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12 (3), 196-200.
		Voir aussi Psychose et Délire

Paraprofessionnel : Voir Professionnel (Para). Paraprofessional, nonprofessional.

Parapsychologie : Voir Psychologie (Para). ESP.

Parasite : Parasitisme : Relation entre deux organismes (ou plus) d'espèces différentes qui est bénéfique pour l'un d'eux (le parasite) et désavantageuse pour l'autre (l'hôte). Parasitisme et commensalisme. Parasitism.

	WINFREE, R. (1999). Cuckoos, cowbirds and the persistence of brood parasitism. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14, 338-343.
	Voir aussi Commensalisme

Paraskevidékatriaphobie : Phobie du chiffre 13.
 

Parasomnie : Ensemble de comportements involontaires qui se manifestent lors du sommeil, et qui peuvent parfois être ou devenir pathologiques. ( ): Voir tableau ci-dessous. Parasomnia.

Parasomnies
Bruxisme	Énurésie	Somniloquie
Cauchemar	Somnambulisme	Terreur nocturne

	LABERGE, L., TREMBLAY, R.E., VITARO, F & MONTPLAISIR, J. (2000). Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics, 106 (1), 67-74.
	HUBLIN, C. & KAPRIO, J. (2003). Genetic aspects and genetic epidemiology of parasomnias. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7 (5), 413-421.
		Voir aussi Sommeil

Parasuicide : Voir Suicide (Para). Parasuicide.

Parcelle (de nourriture) : Lieu où se concentrent les ressources d'un milieu. Ces parcelles peuvent être fixes (EX: un point d'eau) ou mobiles (EX: un troupeau de caribous pour une meute de loups). Les parcelles sont convoités par des organosmes qui mettent en oeuvre des stratégies pour se les approprier. = source pontuel. Patch.

	GALEF, B.G. & WIGMORE, S.W. (1983). Transfer of information concerning distant food : a test of the "information centre" hypothesis. Animal Behaviour, 31, 748-758.
	KACELNIK, A. (1984). Central place foraging in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) I : Patch residence time. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 283-299.
	FAHRIG, L. & MERRIAM, G. (1985). Habitat patch connectivity and population survival. Ecology, 66, 1762-1768.
	FAHRIG, L. & PALOHEIMO, J.E. (1988). Determinants of local population size in patchy habitats. Theoretical Population Biology, 34,194-213.
	BOWERS, M.A., GREGARIO, K., BRAME, C.J., MATTER, S.F. & DOOLEY, J.L. (1966). Use of space and habitats by meadow voles at home range, patch and landscape scales. Oecologia, 105, 107-115.
	BENDER, D.J. CONTRERAS, A.T. & FAHRIG, L. (1998). Habitat loss and population decline : a meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology, 79, 517-533.
	BOWMAN, J., CAPPUCINNO, N. & FAHRIG, L. (2002). Patch size and population density : the effect of immigration behavior. Conservation Ecology, 6 (1). [LIRE]
		Voir Ressource et Approvisionnement alimentaire

Parcimonie : Voir Principe de parcimonie.

Pardon : Pardonner : Renoncer à punir ou à se venger d'un individu qui nous a fait du tort ou du mal (ou dont est convaincu qu'il l'a fait). Forgiveness.

	WORTHINGTON, E.L. & DIBLASIO, F. (1990). Promoting mutual forgiveness within the fractured relationship. Psychotherapy : Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 27, 219-223.	McCULLOUGH, M.E. & ROOT L.M. (2005). Forgiveness as change. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 91-107). New York : Routledge.
	GORSUCH, R.L. & HAO, J.Y. (1993). Forgiveness : An exploratory factor analysis and its relationships to religious variables. Review of Religious Research, 34, 333-347.	LAWLER, K.A., YOUNGER, J.W., PIFERI, R.L., JOBE, R.L., EDMONDSON, K.A. & JONES, W.H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health : An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157-167.
	McCULLOUGH, M.E. & WORTHINGTON., E.L. (1995). Promoting forgiveness : A comparison of two brief psycho-educational interventions with a waiting-list control. Counseling & Values, 40 (1), 55-68. [PDF]	YSSELDYK, R., MATHESON, K. & ANISMAN, H. (2007). Rumination : Bridging a gap between forgivingness, vengefulness, and psychological health. Personality & Individual Differences, 42, 1573-1584.
	McCULLOUGH, M.E., WORTHINGTON, E.L. & RACHAL, K.C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73, 321-336. [PDF] +[PDF]
	MINOW, M. (1998). Between vengeance and forgiveness : Facing history after genocide and mass violence. Boston : Beacon Press.	WORTHINGTON., E.L., WITVLIET, C.V.O., PIETRINI, P. & MILLER, A.J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being : A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 291-302.
	McCULLOUGH, M.E., RACHAL, K.C., SANDAGE, S.J., WORTHINGTON, E.L., BROWN, S.W. & HIGHT, T.L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships : II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75, 1586-1603. [PDF]	WILLIAMSON, I. & GONZALEZ, M.H. (2007). The subjective experience of forgiveness : Positive construals of the forgiveness experience. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 26, 407-446.
	BRADFIELD, M. & AQUINO, K. (1999). Effects of blame attributions and offender likeableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25, 607-631.	MALTBY, J., WOOD, A.M., DAY, L., KON, T.W.H., COLLEY, A. & LINLEY, P.A. (2008). Personality predictors of levels of forgiveness two and a half years after the transgression. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1088-1094.
	CANZONERI, N., GEVA, N. & VEDLITZ, A. (1999). The role of forgiveness in intergroup conflict resolution. Journal of Intergroup Relations, 26 (3), 26-47.	BONO, G., MCCULLOUGH, M.E. & ROOT, L.M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being : Two longitudinal studies. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (2), 182-195. [PDF]
	McCULLOUGH, M.E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength : Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 19 (1), 43-55. [PDF]	TOUSSAINT, L.L., OWEN, A.D. & CHEADLE, A.C.D. (2011). Forgive to Live : Forgiveness, health, and longevity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35 (4), 375-386.
	TOUSSAINT, L.L., WILLIAMS, D.R., MUSICK, M.A. & EVERSON, S.A. (2001). Forgiveness and health : Age differences in a US probability sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 249-257.	TABAK. B.A., McCULLOUGH, M.E., ROOT, L.M., BONO, G. & BERRY, J.W. (2012). Conciliatory gestures facilitate forgiveness and feelings of friendship by making transgressors appear more agreeable. Journal of Personality, 80 (2), 503-536.
	ZECHMEISTER, J.S. & ROMERO, C. (2002). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict : Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82 (4), 675-686.	BURNETTE, J.L., McCULLOUGH, M.E., VAN TONGEREN, D.R. & Davis, D.E. (2012). Forgiveness results from integrating information about relationship value and exploitation risk. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38 (3), 345-356. [PDF]
	McCULLOUGH, M.E., FINCHAM, F.D. & TSANG, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time : The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84 (3), 540-557. [PDF]	STEINER, M., ALLEMAND, M. & McCULLOUGH, M.E. (2012). Do agreeableness and neuroticism explain age differences in the tendency to forgive others ? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 441-453.
	WORTHINGTON., E.L. & SCHERER, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience : Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19, 385-405.
	BROWN. R.P. (2004). Vengeance is mine : Narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 576-584.	McCULLOUGH, M.E., KURZBAN R. & TABAK. B.A. (2013). Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 36, 1-58. [PDF]
	ZECHMEISTER, J.S., GARCIA, S., ROMERO, C. & VAS, S.N. (2004). Don't apologize unless you mean it : A laboratory investigation of forgiveness and retaliation. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 23, 532-564.	DAVIS, D.E., WORTHINGTON., E.L., HOOK, J.N. & HILL, P.C. (2013). Research on religion/Spirituality and forgiveness : A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Religion & Spirituality, 5 (4), [PDF]
	EXLINE, J.J., BAUMEISTER, R.F., BUSHMAN, B.J., CAMPBELL, W.K. & FINKEL, E.J. (2004). Too proud to let go : Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 87, 894-912.	McCULLOUGH, M.E., PEDERSEN, E.J., TABAK, B A. & CARTER, E.C. (2014). Conciliatory gestures promote forgiveness and reduce anger in humans. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (30), 11211-11216. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Vengeance, Guerre, Stratégie d'adaptation au stress et Punir

Paréidolie : Du grec para qui signifie «à côté de», et eidôlon ou eidos qui veut dire «apparence, forme». Type d’illusion qui consiste à reconnaître des formes familières dans des objets (ou des ensembles d'objets) qui ne possèdent pas réellement ces formes. EX: Voir une ourse (forme famillière) en regardant les étoiles (constellation d'objets). Pareidolia, illusory face perception.

	FONTENELLE, L.F. (2008). Pareidolias in obsessive-compulsive disorder : neglected symptoms that may respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Neurocase, 14 (5), 414-418.
	RIEKKI, T., LINDEMAN, M., ALENEFF, M., HALME, A. & NUORTIMO, A. (2013). Paranormal and religious believers are more prone to illusory face perception than skeptics and non-believers. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27 (2), 150-155.

Parent = Fonction sociale	OU	Parent = Nom propre

Parent : Père et/ou mère qui s'occupe de ses enfants, leur prodigue des soins, au sein ou non d'une famille. Cette personne est souvent le géniteur et est habituellement un adulte (sinon voir fille-mère), qui vit en couple (sinon voir divorce). Parent et habileté parentale. Parent, parenthood.

Types de parent
Parent adoptif	Parent habile	Parent thérapeute
Parent biologique	Parent homosexuel	Parent violent
Parent divorcé ou séparé	Parent seul	Soins des parents

Rôles et fonctions du parent
Encadrement et discipline parentale	Sollicitude parentale	Soins des parents
Contribution, implication et soutien des parents	Style parental	Soutien aux parents
		Tolérance parentale

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	SMOLL, F. (1993). Enhancing coach parent relationships in youth sports. In J. Williams (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology (pp. 58-67). Palo Alto, Mayfield.	McNAIR, R., BROWN, R., PERLESZ, A., LINDSAY, J., DE VAUS, D. & PITTS, M. (2008). Lesbian parents negotiating the health care system in Australia. Health Care for Women International, 29 (2), 91-114.
	ECCLES, J.S. & HAROLD, R.D. (1993). Parent-school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers' College Record, 94, 568-587.	DIXON, M.A. & WARNER, S.M. (2008). More than just letting them play : Parental influence on women’s lifetime sport involvement. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25, 538-559. [PDF]
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	BAKER, D.B. (1994). Parenting stress and ADHD : A cornpaison of mothers and fathers. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 46-50.	GRIFFITHS, M. (2009). Online computer gaming : Advice for parents and teachers. Education & Health, 27 (1), 3-6. [PDF]
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	JOHNSTON, C. & FREEMAN, W. (1997). Attributions for child behavior in parents of children without behavior disorders and children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65 (4), 636-645.	GRIFFITHS, M.D. & KUSS, D.J. (2010). Adolescent social networking : Should parents and teachers be worried ? Education & Health, 29 (2), 23-25. [PDF]
		GUTIÉRREZ-DOMÈNECH, M. (2010). Parental employment and time with children in Spain. Review of Economics of the Household, 8 (3), 371-391. [PDF]
	LYKKEN, D.T. (1997). Incompetent parenting : Its causes and cures. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 27, 129-137.	GLASCOE, F.P. & LEEW, S. (2010). Parenting behaviors, perceptions and psychosocial risk : Impact on child development. Pediatrics, 125, 313-319. [PDF]
	JACOB, T. & JOHNSON, S. (1997). Parenting influences on the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health & Research World, 21 (3), 205-209. [PDF]	O'ROURKE, D., SMITH, R.E., SMOLL, F.L. & CUMMING, S.P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate : Is parental pressure always harmful ? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4 (23), 398-412.
	COTE, L. & AZAR, S. (1997). Child age, parent and child gender and domain differences in parents' attributions and responses to children's outcomes. Sex Roles, 36, 23-50.	VILLANTI, A., BOULAY, M. & JUON H. (2011). Peer, parent and media influences on adolescent smoking by developmental stage. Addictive Behaviors, 36 (1-2), 133-136. [PDF]
	GLASCOE, F.P. (1997). Do parents discuss concerns about children's development with health care providers ? Ambulatory Child Health, 2, 349-356.	FOSCO, G.M., STORMSHAK, E.A. & WINTER, C. (2012). Family relationships and parental monitoring during middle school as predictors of early adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41 (2), 202-213. [PDF]
	ANDREW J.A., HOPS, H. & DUNCAN, S.C. (1997). Adolescent modeling of parent substance use : The moderating effect of the relationship with the parent. Journal of Family Psychology, 11 (3), 259-270.	BESNARD, T., VERLAAN, P., CAPUANO, F., POULIN, F. et VITARO, F. (2011). Les pratiques parentales des parents d'enfants en difficultés de comportement : Effets de la dyade parent-enfant. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 43, 254-266. [PDF]
	WENTZEL, K.R. (1998). Social relationships and motivation in middle school : The role of parents, teachers, and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 (2), 202-209. [PDF]	NELSON, S.K., KUSHLEV, K., ENGLISH, T., DUNN, E.W. & LYUBOMIRSKY, S. (2013). In defense of parenthood : Children are associated with more joy than misery. Psychological Science, 24 (1), 3-10. [PDF]
		PEMPEK, T.A., KIRKORIAN, H.L. & ANDERSON, D.R. (2014). The impact of background television on the quality and quantity of parents' child-directed language. Journal of Children & Media, 8, 211-222.
		PAGAN, S. & SÉNÉCHAL, M. (2014). Involving parents in a summer book reading program to promote reading comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary in Grade 3 and Grade 5 children. Canadian Journal of Education, 37 (2), 1-31.
	JENSON, C., GREEN, R., SINGH, N., BEST, A. & ELLIS, C. (1998). Parental attributions of the causes of their children's behavior. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 7 (2), 205-215.	NELSON, S.K., KUSHLEV, K. & LYUBOMIRSKY, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting : When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being ? Psychological Bulletin, 140, 846-895. [PDF]
		RADESKY, J.S., MILLER, A.L., ROSENBLUM, K.L., APPUGLIESE, D., ACIROTI, N. & LUMENG, J.C. (2015). Maternal mobile device use during a structured parent' child interaction task. Academic Pediatrics, 15 (2), 238-244.
	GAVIN, K.M. & GREENFIELD, D.B. (1998). A comparison of levels of involvement for parents with at-risk African American kindergarten children in classrooms with high versus low teacher encouragement. Journal of Black Psychology, 24 (4), 403-417.	PONSETI, F.J., SESE, A. & MAS-GARCIA, A. (2016). The impact of competitive anxiety and parental influence on the performance of young swimmers. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 11, 229-237. [PDF]
	GELMAN, S.A., COLEY, J.D., ROSENGREN, K.R., HARTMANN, E.E. & PAPPAS, A.S. (1998). Beyond labeling : The role of parental input in the acquisition of richly-structured categories. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63 (1), 1-148.	MENDI, E. & ELDELEKLIOGLU, J. (2016). Parental conditional regard, subjective well-being and self-esteem : The mediating role of perfectionism. Psychology, 7 (10) 1276-1295. [PDF]
		McDANIEL, B.T. & COYNE, S.M. (2016). Technology interference in the parenting of young children : Implications for mothers' perceptions of coparenting. The Social Science Journal, 53, 435-443.
	JENSON, C., GREEN, R., SINGH, N., BEST, A. & ELLIS, C. (1998). Parental attributions of the causes of their children's behavior. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 7 (2), 205-215.	AZNAR, N. & TENENBAUM, H.R. (2016). Parent' child positive touch : Gender, age, and task differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40 (4), 317-333. [PDF]
		McDANIEL, B.T. & RADESKY, J. (2018). Longitudinal associations between parent technology use, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. Pediatric Research, 84 (2), 210-218. [PDF]
		McDANIEL, B.T. & RADESKY, J. (2018). Technoference : Parent distraction by technology and associations with child behavior problems. Child Development, 89 (1), 100-109. [PDF]
		McDANIEL, B.T., TETI, D.M. & FEINBERG, M.E. (2018). Predicting coparenting quality in daily life in mothers and fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 904-914.
	WOODWARD, L., TAYLOR, E. & DOWDNEY, L. (1998). The parenting and family functioning of children with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 39 (2), 161-169.	MEULEMAN, R., LUBBERS, M. & VERKUYTEN, M. (2018). Parental socialization and the consumption of domestic versus foreign films, books and music. Journal of Consumer Culture, 18 (1), 103-130.
		McDANIEL, B.T. (2019). Parent distraction with phones, reasons for use, and impacts on parenting and child outcomes : A review of the emerging research. Human Behavior & Emerging Technologies, 1, 72-80. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Relation parents-enfants, Père et Mère

Parent (Discipline/Autorité/Encadrement/Contrôle) : Ensemble de règles mis en oeuvre par les parents afin d'inculquer, maintenir, surveiller et corriger les comportements de leurs enfants. = éducation parentale, supervison parentale, pratique parentale. Parental discipline, control parents, parenting, parent tutoring, parent monitoring, parent surveillance, parent management.

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	ECCLES, J.S. & HAROLD, R.D. (1991). Parental-school involvement during the early adolescent years. Teachers College Record, 94, 568-587.	GROTE D. (2001). Discipline without punishment. Across the Board, 38, 52-58.
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		GERSCHOFF, E.T., GROGAN-KAYLOR, A., LANSFORD, J.E., CHANG, L., ZELLI, A, DEATER-DECKARD, K. & DODGE, K.A. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample : Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child development, 81 (2), 487-502. [PDF]
		O'ROURKE, D., SMITH, R.E., SMOLL, F.L. & CUMMING, S.P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate : Is parental pressure always harmful ? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4 (23), 398-412.
	GRUSEC, J.E. & GOODNOW, J.J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values : A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30 (1),1-19.	BESNARD, T., VERLAAN, P., CAPUANO, F., POULIN, F. et VITARO, F. (2011). Les pratiques parentales des parents d'enfants en difficultés de comportement : Effets de la dyade parent-enfant. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 43, 254-266. [PDF]
	GLASCOE, F.P. (1994). It's not what it seems : The relationship between parents' concerns and children's cognitive status. Clinical Pediatrics, 33, 292-298.	TAM, C.-L., LEE, T.-H., KUMARASURIAR, V. & HAR, W.-M. (2012). Parental authority, parent-child relationship and gender differences : A study of college students in the Malaysian context. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 6 (2), 182-189. [PDF]
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		WOODMAN, A.C. (2014). Trajectories of stress among parents of children with disabilities : A dyadic analysis. Family Relations, 63, 39–54.
		LANDRY, S.H. (2014). Le rôle des parents dans l’apprentissage des jeunes enfants. Dans Encyclopédie sur de développement des jeunes enfants (pp 1-6) [PDF]
		MENDI, E. & ELDELEKLIOGLU, J. (2016). Parental conditional regard, subjective well-being and self-esteem : The mediating role of perfectionism. Psychology, 7 (10) 1276-1295. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Parent, Soins parentaux, Sollicitude parentale et Implication parentale

Parent (Participation/Engagement/Contribution/Soutien) : Temps et efforts consacrés par les parents à l'éducation - notamment sur le plan scolaire - de leurs enfants. Ces efforts peuvent être plus ou moins soutenus, autoritaires et systématiques (Voir encadrement parental). Implication des parens, prépartion à l'école et influence familliale. = participation parentale, implication parentale, suivi parental, influence de la famille. Parent involvement, Parental contribution, parent engagement, parent support, parental time, family engagement.

	MOLES, O. (1982). Synthesis of recent research on parent participation in children's education. Educational Leadership, 44-47.	COOPER, H.M., LINDSAY, J.J. & NYE, B. (2000). Homework in the home : How student, family, and parenting-style differences relate to the homework process. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25 (4), 464-487.
	WATSON, T., BROWN, M. & SWICK, K. J. (1983). The relationship of parents support to children's school achievement. Child Welfare League of America, 62 (1), 175-180.	VAN VOORHIS, F.L. (2001). Interactive science homework : An experiment in home and school connections. NASSP Bulletin, 85 (627), 20-32.
	MAGNUS, P., BERG, K., BJERKEDAL, T. & NANCE, W.E. (1984). Parental determinants of birth weight. Clinical Genetics, 26, 397-405.
	EPSTEIN, J.L. (1984). Effects on parents of teacher practices in parent involvement. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools.	SANDERS, M.G. (2001). How parental liaisons can help bridge home and school. Journal of Educational Research, 101, 287-297. [PDF]
	SILVERN, S. (1985). Parent involvement and reading achievement : A review of research and implications for practice. Childhood Education, 62, 44-49.	AMADOR, N., FALBO, T. & LEIN, L. (2001). Parental involvement during the transition to high school. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16 (5), 511-529.
	TOPPING, K. & WOLFENDALE. S. (Eds.) (1985). Parental involvement in children's reading. New York : Nichols.	FAN, X. (2001). Parental involvement and students' academic achievement : A growth modeling analysis. The Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 27-61.
	KEITH, T.Z., REIMERS, T.M., FEHRMANN, P.G., POTTEBAUM, S.M. & AUBEY, L.W. (1986). Parental involvement, homework, and TV time : Direct and indirect effects on high school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 373-380.	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V. BATTIATO, A.C., WALKER, J.M.T., REED, R.P., DEJONG, J.M. & JONES, K.P. (2001). Parental involvement in homework. Educational Psychologist, 36, 195-210.
	EPSTEIN, J.L. (1986). Parent's reactions to teacher practives of parent involvement. The Elementary School Journal, 86, 277-294.	FAN, X. & CHEN, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students' academic achievement : A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 1-21.
	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V., BASSLER, O.C. & RISSIE, J. (1987). Parent involvement : Contributions of teacher efficacy, school socioeconomic status and other school characteristics. American Education of Research Journal, 24, 417-436.	MATTINGLY, D.J.R., PRISLIN, T.L., MCKENZIE, J.L., RODRIGUEZ & KAYZAR, B. (2002). Evaluating evaluations : The case of parental involvement programs. Review of Educational Research, 72 (4), 549-576.
	FEHRMANN, P.G., KEITH, T.Z. & REIMERS, T. (1987). Home Influence on school learning : Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement on high school grades. Journal of Educational Research, 806, 330-337.	ABRAMS, L.S. & GIBBS, J.T. (2002). Disrupting the logic of home-school relations : Parent involvement strategies and practices of inclusion and exclusion. Urban Education, 37 (3), 384-407.
	EPSTEIN, J.L. (1987). Toward a theory of family-school connections : Teacher practices and parent involvement. In K. Hurrelman, F.-X. Kaufmann and F. Losel (Eds.), Social intervention : Potential and constraints. Berlin : W. de Gruyter.	SÉNÉCHAL, M. & LEFEVRE, J.-A. (2002). Parental involvement in the development of children's reading skill : a five-year longitudinal study. Child development, 73 (2), 445-460. [PDF]
	ZIEGLER, S. (1987). The effects of parent involvement on childrens' achievement. Toronto : Board of Education : Research Section Library Services Development	SHELDON, S.B. (2002). Parents' social networks and beliefs as predictors of parent involvement. Elementary School Journal, 102 (4), 301-316.
		MONTAGUE, D.P.F. & WALKER-ANDREWS, A.S. (2002). Mothers, fathers, and infants : The role of familiarity and parental involvement in infants' perception of emotion expressions. Child Development, 73, 1339-1352.
	POTTER, G. (1989). Parent participation in the language arts program. Language Arts, 66, 21-28.	SEYFRIED, S.F. & CHUNG, I.J. (2002). Parent involvement as parental monitoring of student motivation and parent expectations predicting later achievement among African American and European American middle school age students. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 11, 109-131.
	HAYNES, N.H., CORNER, J.P. & HAMILTON-LEE, M. (1989). School climate enhancement through parental involvement. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 87-90.	BAKER, L. & SCHER, D. (2002). Beginning readers' motivation for reading in relation to parental beliefs and home reading experiences. Reading Psychology, 23 (4), 239-269.
	HELLSTEDT, J.C. (1990). Early adolescent perceptions of parental pressure in the sport environment. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13, 135-144.	MATTINGLY, D.J., PRISLIN, R., MCKENZIE, T.L., RODRIGUEZ, J.L. & KAYZAR, B. (2002). Evaluating evaluations : The case of parent involvement programs. Review of Educational Research, 72, 549-577.
	DEGADO-GAITAN, C. (1991). Involving parents in the schools : A process of empowerment. American Journal of Education, 100, 20-46.	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V., WALKER, J.M.T., JONES, K.P. & REED, R.P. (2002). Teachers involving parents TIP : results of an in-service teacher education program for enhancing parental involvement. Teaching & Teacher Education 18, 843–867.
	EPSTEIN, J.L. (1991). Effects on student achievement of teachers' practices of parental involvement. Advances in reading/language research, 5, 261-276. In S.B. Silvern (Ed.), Advances in reading/language research : A research annual (Vol. 5, pp. 261-276). US : Elsevier Science/JAI Pres.	JEYNES, W.H. (2003). A meta-analysis : The effects of parental involvement on minority children's academic achievement. Education & Urban Society, 35, 202-218.
	GREENWODD, G.E. & HICKMAN, C.W. (1991). Research and practice in parent involment : Implications for teacher education.The Elementary School Journal, 91 (3), 279-287.	BAGNER, D. & EYBERG, S.M. (2003). Father involvement in parent training : When does it matter ? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 599-605. [PDF]
	USEEM, E.L. (1992). Middle school and math groups : Parents' involvement in children's placement. Sociology of Education, 65, 263-279.	BAKER, L. (2003). The role of parents in motivating struggling readers. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19 (1), 87-106.
	STEINBERG, L., LAMBORN, S.D., DORNBUSCH, S.N. & DARLING, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement : Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63, 1266-1281.	GAO, H. (2003). Contributions of parent involvement in home, school and community to student outcomes, Doctoral thesis, Tuscaloosa, AL : University of Alabama.
	JACKSON, B.L. & COOPER, B.S. (1992). Involving parents in improving urban schools. NASSP Bulletin, 76 (543), 30-38.	MAPP, K.L. (2003). Having their say : Parents describe why and how they are engaged in children's learning. School Community Journal, 13 (1), 35-64.
	LOUCKS, H. (1992). Increasing parent/family involvement : Ten ideas that work. NASSP Bulletien, 76 (543), 19-23.	VAN VOORHIS, F.L. (2003). Interactive homework in middle school : Effects on family involvement and students' science achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 96 (9), 323-339.
	BRAUN, D. & SCHONVELD, A. (1992). Preparation for parenthood : is it possible ? Concern, 81, 6-7.	BARTON, A.C., DRAKE, J.G., PEREZ, K., ST-LOUIS, K. & GEORGE, M. (2004). Ecologies of parental engagement in urban education. Educational Researcher, 33 (4), 3-12.
	AHRONS, C.R. & MILLER, R.B. (1993). The effect of the postdivorce relationship on paternal involvement : A longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 441-450.	EPSTEIN, J.L. (2004). Family Involvement and technology : Always about equity. Access Learning, 14 (5), 3.
		BULANDA, R.E. (2004). Paternal involvement with children : The influence of gender ideologies. Journal of Marriage & Family, 66, 40-45.
	KEITH, Z.T., KEITH, P.B., TROUTMAN, G.C., BICKLEY, P.G., TRIVETTE, P.S. & SINGH, K. (1993). Does parental involvement affect eighth-grade student achievement ? Structural analysis of national data. School Psychology Review, 22, 474-496.	DESLANDES, R. et BERTRAND, R. (2004). Motivation des parents à participer au suivi scolaire de leur enfant au primaire. Revue des Sciences de l'Éducation, 3 (2), 411-433. [PDF]
	HENDERSON, A.T. & BERLA, N. (Ed.) (1994). A new generation of evidence : The family is critical to student achievement. Washington, DC : Center for Law and Education.	DESLANDES, R. & BERTRAND, R. (2004). Motivation of parent involvement in secondary-level schooling. The Journal of Educational Research, 98, 164-175.
	SINGH, K., BICKLEY, P.G., TRIVETTE, P.S., KEITH, T.Z., KEITH, P.B. & ANDERSON, E. (1995). The effects of four components of parental involvement on eighth grade student achievement : Structural analysis of NELS-88 data. School Psychology Review, 24, 99-317.	EPSTEIN, J.L. (2004). How middle schools can meet NCLB requirements for family involvement. Middle Ground (NMSA), 8 (1), 14-17.
	GROLNICK, W.S. & SLOWACZEK, M.L. (1994). Parents’ involvement in children’s schooling : A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 65, 237-252.	BRETHERTON, I., LAMBERT, J.D. & GOLBY, B. (2005). Involved fathers of preschool children as seen by themselves and their wives : Accounts of attachment, socialization, and companionship. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 229-251.
	FORTIN, L. & MERCIER, H. (1994). Liens entre la participation des parents à l'école et les comportements de leur enfant en classe du primaire. Revue des Sciences de l'Éducation, 20 (3), 513-527. [PDF]	SHELDON, S.B. (2005). Testing a structural equations model of partnership program implementation and parent involvement. The Elementary School Journal, 106 (2), 171-187.
	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V., BASSLER, O.C. & BUROW, R. (1995). Parents' reported involvement in students' homework : Parameters of reported strategy and practice. Elementary School Journal, 95, 435-450.	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V., WALKER, J.M.T., SANDLER, H.M., WHETSEL, D., GREEN, C.L., WILKINS, A.S. & CLOSSON, K. (2005). Why do parents become involved ? Research findings and implications. The Elementary School Journal, 106 (2), 105-130.
	RASINSKI, T.V. (1995). Fast Start : A parental involvement reading program for primary grade students. In W. Linek & E. Sturtevant (Eds.), Generations of literacy : 17th Yearbook of the College Reading Association (pp. 301-312). Harrisonburg, VA : College Reading Association.	BARBER, B.K., STOLZ, H.E. & OLSEN, J.A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control : Assessing relevance across time, method, and culture. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70 (4).
	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V. & SANDLER, H.M. (1995). Parental involvement in children's education : Why does it make a difference ? Teachers College Record, 97 (2), 311-331.	HUEBNER, C.E. & MELTZOFF, A.N. (2005). Intervention to change parent-child reading style : A comparison of instructional methods. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 296-313.
	HO, S-C.E. & WILLMS, J.D. (1996). Effects of parental involvement on eighth-grade achievement. Sociology of Education, 69 (2), 126-141.	DECASTRO-AMBROSSETTI, D. & CHO, G. (2005). Do parents value education ? Teachers' perceptions of minority parents. Multicultural Education, 13, 44-46. [PDF]
		HONG, S. & HO, H.Z. (2005). Direct and indirect longitudinal effects of parental involvement on student achievement : Second-order latent growth modeling across ethnic groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 32-42.
	WILLIAMS, E., RADIN, N. & COGGINS, K. (1996). Paternal involvement in childrearing and the school performance of Ojibwa children : An exploratory study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 578-595.	DRIESSEN, G., SMIT, F. & SLEEGERS, P. (2005). Parental involvement and educational achievement. British Educational Research Journal, 31, 509-532.
	YOUNG, A. R., BOWERS, P.G. & MACKINNON, G.E. (1996). Effects of prosodic modeling and repeated reading on poor readers' fluency and comprehension. Applied Psycholinguistics, 17 (1), 59-84.	OVERSTREET, S., DEVINE, J., BEVANS, K. & EFREOM, Y. (2005). Predicting parental involvement in children's schooling within an economically disadvantaged African American sample. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 101-111.
		JEYNES, W.H. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school children's academic achievement. Urban education, 40, 237-269. [PDF]
	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V. & SANDLER, H.M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children's education? Review of Educational Research, 67 (1), 3-42. [PDF]	MCBRIDE, B.A., BROWN, G.L., BOST, K.K., SHIN, N., VAUGHN, B. & KORTH, B. (2005). Paternal identity, maternal gatekeeping, and father involvement. Family Relations, 54, 360-372.
	OTTO, L.B. & ATKINSON, M.P. (1997). Parental involvement and adolescent development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12 (1), 68-89.	SHELDON, S. B. (2005). Testing a structural equation model of partnership program implementation and parent involvement. The Elementary School Journal, 106 (2), 171-187.
		SMITH, J.G. (2006). Parental involvement in education among low-income families : A case study. School Community Journal, 16 (1), 43-56. [PDF]
		EPSTEIN, J.L. (2006). Parent involvement grows up. Threshold, 4 (2), 9-12.
		SEGINER, R. (2006). Parents' educational involvement : A developmental ecology perspective. Parenting, Science & Practice, 6 (1), 1-48.
		ANDERSON, K.J. & MINKE, K.M. (2007). Parent involvement in education : Toward an understanding of parents’ decision-making. Journal of Educational Research, 100 (5), 313-323.
		JEYNES, W.H. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school academic achievement : A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 42 (1), 82-110. [PDF]
		GURYAN, J., HURST, E. & KEARNY, M. (2008). Parental Education and parental time with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22 (3), 23-46. [PDF]
	LYYTINEN, P., LAASKO, M.-L., POIKKEUS, A.-M. (1998). Parental contribution to child's early language and interest in books. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13, 297-308.	SANDERS, M.G. (2008). How parent liaisons can help bridge home and school. Journal of Educational Research, 101, 287-297. [PDF]
	BALLI, S.J., DEMO, D.H. & WEDMAN, J.F. (1998). Family involvement with children's homework : An intervention in the middle grades. Family Relations, 47, 149-57.	PATALL, E.A., COOPER, H. & CIVEY, R.J. (2008). Parent involvement in homework : A research synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 78 (4), 1039-1101. [PDF]
		GUTIÉRREZ-DOMÈNECH, M. (2010). Parental employment and time with children in Spain. Review of Economics of the Household, 8 (3), 371-391.
	CALLAHAN, K., RADEMACHER, J.A. & HILDRETH, B.L. (1998). The effect of parent participation in strategies to improve the homework performance of students who are at risk. Remedial & Special Education, 19 (3), 131-141.	MENHEERE, A. & HOOGE, E.H. (2010). Parental involvement in children's education : A review study about the effect of parental involvement on children's school education with a focus on the position of illiterate parents. Journal of the European Teacher Education Network, 6, 145-157. [PDF]
	SALOMON, A. & COMEAU, J. (1998). La participation des parents à l'école primaire trente ans après : un objectif encore à atteindre. Revue Internationale de Pédagogie, 44 (2-3), 251-267.	VAN VOORHIS, F.L. (2011). Costs and benefits of family involvement in homework : Lessons learned from students and families. Journal of Advanced Academics, 22, 220-249.
	GAVIN, K.M. & GREENFIELD, D.B. (1998). A comparison of levels of involvement for parents with at-risk African American kindergarten children in classrooms with high versus low teacher encouragement. Journal of Black Psychology, 24 (4), 403-417.	JEYNES, W.H. (2011). Parental Involvement & Academic Success. New York : Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
	WAGGONER, K. & GRIFFITH, A. (1998). Parent involvement in education : Ideology and experience. Journal for a Just & Caring Education, 4 (1), 65-77.	LILLY, C.L. & HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V. (2011). Linking parental motivations for involvement and student proximal achievement outcomes in homeschooling and public shooling settings. Education & Urban Society, 43 (3) 339–369. [PDF]
	LYYTINEN, P., LAASKO, M. & POKKEUS, A. (1998). Parental contributions to child's early language and interest in books. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13, 297-308.	LARIVÉE, S.J. (2011). Regards croisés sur l'implication parentale et les performances scolaires. Service Social, 57 (2), 5-19. [PDF]
		BAKER, T., WISE, J., KELLEY, G. & SKIBA, R.J. (2106). Identifying barriers : Creating solutions to improve family engagement. School Community Journal, 26, 161-180.
		McDOWALL, P.S. & SCHAUGHENCY, E. (2017). Elementary school parent engagement efforts : Relations with educator perceptions and school characteristics. Journal of Educational Research, 110 (4), 348-365.
	BECK, L. & MURPHY, J. (1999). Parental involvement in site-based management : Lessons from one site. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 2 (2), 81-102.	McDOWALL, P.S., TAUMOEPEAU, M. & SCHAUGHENCY, E. (2017). Parent involvement in beginning primary school : Correlates and changes in involvement across the first two years of school in a New Zealand sample. Journal of School Psychology, 62, 11-31.
		KIRKORIAN, H., CHOI, K. & ANDERSON, D.R. (2019). American parents' active involvement mediates the impact of background television on toddlers' play. Journal of Children & Media, 13 (4), 377-394.
Voir Influence de la famille, Parent, Réussite scolaire, Encadrement parental, Tâche domestique et Soins parentaux

Parent (Soins prodigués) : Soins de base prodigué par un parent à son enfant, dès sa naissance, avec plus ou moins d'habileté, et dont l'objectif et de satisfaire les besoins immédiats (besoins physiologiques, de sécurité et d'affection et d'amour). La qualité de ces soins, ainsi que le temps et les efforts consacrés par les parents à l'éducation de leurs enfants ont une influnce sur le développement des enfants. Soins, technique du kangourou et relation mère-enfant. = soins parentaux, soins de base. Child care, mother care, competent parenting, infant care, parental care, spend time with children, spend time in child care.

	AINSWORTH, M.D.S. & BOWLBY, J. (1965). Child care and the growth of love. London : Penguin Books.
	BAUMRIND, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75 (1), 43-88.	MEANEY, M.J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161-1192.
	AINSWORTH, M.D.S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda : Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.	MELHUISH, E.C. (2001). The quest for quality in early day care preschool experience continues. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25 (1), 1-6.
	WILLNER, A.G., BRAUKMANN, C.J., KIRGEN, K.A., FIXSEN, D.L., PHILLIPS, E.L. & WOLF, M.M. (1977). The training and validation of youth-preferred social behaviors with child-care personnel. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10 (2), 219-230. [PDF]	BELSKY, J. (2001). Developmental risks (still) associated with early child care. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 42 (7), 845-859. [PDF]
	SCARR, S.W. (1984). Mother care other care. New York : Basic Books, Inc.	TRASK, P.C., SCHWARTZ, S.M., DEANER, S.L., PATERSON, A.G., JOHNSON, T., RUBENFIRE, M. & POMERLEAU, O.F. (2002). Behavioral medicine : The challenge of integrating psychological and behavioral approaches into primary care. Effective Clinical Practice, 5 (2), 75-83. [PDF]
	BELSKY, J. & ROVINE, M.J. (1988). Non-maternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development, 59, 5-19.	PARENT, C., ZHANG, T.Y., CALDJI, C., BAGOT, R. & CHAMPAGNE, F.A., PRUESSNER, J. & MEANEY, M.J. (2005). Maternal care and individual differences in defensive responses. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14 (5), 229-233. [PDF]
	THOMPSON, R. (1988). The effects of infant day care through the prism of attachment theory. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 273-282.
	ZASLOW, M., PEDERSEN, F., SUWALSKY, J. & RABINOVICH, R. (1989). Maternal employment and parent-infant interaction at one year. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 459-478.	ZAOUCHE-GAUDRON, C. SULOVA, L. & ESPIAU, G. (2005). Day care nurses' perceptions of their educational practice in France and in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Child & Family Welfare, 8 (2-3), 88-98.
	VANDELL, D. & CORASANTI, H. (1990). Child care and the family : Complex contributors to child development. New Directions for Child Development, 49, 23-37.	GRAIG, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share ? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20 (2), 259-281. [PDF]
	BELSKY, J. (1990). Parental and nonparental child care and children's socioemotional development : A decade in review. Journal of Marriage & Family, 52, 885-903.	CHAMPAGNE, F.A. & MEANEY, M.J. (2006). Stress during gestation alters postpartum maternal care and the development of the offspring in a rodent model. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 1227-1235. [PDF]
	CLUTTON-BROCK, T.H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. Cambridge : Cambrige University Press.	LAYZER, J.I. & GOODSON, B.D. (2006). The "quality " of early care and education settings : definitional and measurement issues. Evaluation Review, 30 (5), 556-576. [PDF]
	ZASLOW, M.J. (1991). Variations in child care quality and its implications for children. Journal of Social Issues, 47 (2), 125-138.	CHAMPAGNE, F.A. & MEANEY, M.J. (2007). Transgenerational effects of social environment on variations in maternal care and behavioral response to novelty. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 1353-1363. [PDF]
	BELSKY, J. (1992). Consequences of child care for children's development : A deconstructionist view. In A. Booth (Ed.), Child care in the 1990s : Trends and consequences (pp. 83-94). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.	CHAMPAGNE, F.A. (2008). Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care. Frontiers of Neuroendocrinology, 29, 386-397. [PDF]
	STARRELS, M. (1994). Gender differences in parent-child relations. Journal of Family Issues 15, 148-165.
	ZICK, C.D. & BRYANT, W.K. (1996). A new look at parents' time spent in child care : Primary and secondary time use. Social Science Research, 25, 260-280.
	LYKKEN, D.T. (1997). Incompetent parenting : Its causes and cures. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 27, 129-137.	STEIN, M.T., BERGMAN, D.A. & COKER, T.R. (2010). Rethinking well-child care. Pediatric Update, 30 (12), 1-10.
	Voir aussi Parent, Implication parentale, Influence familiale, Encadrement/Disicpline parental

Parent (Sollicitude) : Capacité des parents à répondre rapidement et adéquatement aux besoins - et non aux désirs - de leurs bébés/enfants. Sollicitude parentale, soins et attachement. = sollicitude parentale. Maternel sensitivity.

	AINSWORTH, M.D.S. (1969). Maternal Sensitivity Scales : The Baltimore Longitudinal Project. [PDF]
	GROSSMANN, K., GROSSMANN, K.E., SPANGLER, G., SUESS, G. & UNZNER, L. (1985). Maternal sensitivity and newborns' orientation responses as related to quality of attachment in northern Germany. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (209), 233-256.
	PEDERSON, D.V., MORAN, G., SITKO, C., CAMPBELL, K., GHESQUIREK. & ACTON, H. (1990). Maternal sensitivity and the security of infant-mother attachment : A Q-sort study. Child Development, 61 (6), 1974-1983.
	BELSKY, J. & PASCO FEARON, R.M. (2002). Early attachment security, subsequent maternal sensitivity, and later child development : Does continuity in development depend upon continuity of caregiving ? Attachment & Human Development, 4 (3), 361-387.
	FELDMAN, R., EIDELMAN, A.I. & ROTENBERG, N. (2004). Parenting stress, infant emotion regulation, maternal sensitivity, and the cognitive development of triplets : a model for parent and child influences in a unique ecology. Child Development, 75 (6), 1774-1791.
	FUERTES, M., LOPES DOS SANTOS, P., BEEGHLY, M. & TRONICK, E. (2006). More than maternal sensitivity shapes attachment. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1094, 292-296.
	LINDHIEM, O, C. BERNARD, K. & DOZIER, M. (2011). Maternal sensitivity : Within-person variability and the utility of multiple assessments. Child Maltreatment, 16 (1), 41-50. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Soins prodigués par les parents, Implication parentale et Parent

Parent (Soutien) : Soutien social et conseils offerts, par des professionnels et des non-professionels de la santé, aux parents fatigués ou épuisés en raison des difficultés qu'ils éprouvent avec leurs enfants. Soutien au parent et enfant handicapé. Parent support.

	KANOY, K.W. & SCHROEDER, C.S. (1985). Suggestions to parents about common behavior problems in a pediatric primary care office : Five years of follow-up. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10, 15-30.
	DUMAS, J.E. & LAFRENIÈRE, P.J. (1993). Mother-child relationships as sources of support or stress : A comparison of competent, normative, aggressive, and anxious dyads. Child Development, 64, 1732-1754.
		Voir aussi Enfant handicapé et Parent

Parent (Styles) : Façon particulière - et plus ou moins efficace - de jouer son rôle de parent. = style parental. Parenting styles.

	ADAMS, P.L., APONTE, J.F. & SCHWAB, J.J. (1965). Authoritarian parents and disturbed children. American Journal of Psychology, 121, 1162-1167.	BARDI, M. & HUFFMAN, M.A. (2002). Effects of maternal style on infant behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Developmental Psychobiology, 41, 364-372.
	BAUMRIND, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37 (4), 887-907. [PDF]
	ARRINDELL, W.A., EMMELKAMP, P.M.G., MONSMA, A. & BRILMAN, E. (1983). The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the aetiology of phobic disorders : A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 183-187.	WOLFRADT, U., HEMPEL, S. & MILES, J.N.V. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Personality & Individual Differences, 34, 521-532.
	ARRINDELL, W.A., KWEE, M.G.T, METHORST, G.J., VANDER ENDE, J., POL, E. & MORITZ, M.J.M. (1989). Perceived parental rearing styles of agoraphobic and socially phobic inpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 526-535.
	GROLNICK, W.S. & RYAN, R.M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 143-154. [PDF]	WYNN-LAUER, C. (2004). A study of the differences in parenting styles between substance abusing and non substance abusing mothers (pp. 1-89) : Yeshiva University.
	BAUMRIND, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11 (1), 56-95.	AUNOLA, K. & NURMI, J.E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior. Child Development, 76 (6), 1144-1159. [PDF]
	BAUMRIND, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner & A.C. Petersen (Eds.), The encyclopedia on adolescence (pp. 746-758). New York : Garland.	SPERA, A (2005). Review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17 (2), 125-146. [PDF]
	STEINBERG, L., LAMBORN, S.D., DORNBUSCH, S.N. & DARLING, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement : Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63, 1266-1281.	BONELL, C., ALLEN, E., STRANGE, V., OAKLEY, A., CAPAS, A., JOHNSON, A. & STEPHENSON, J. (2006). Influence of family type and parenting behaviours on teenage sexual behaviour and conceptions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60 (6), 502-506. [PDF]
	DARLING, N. & STEINBERG, L. (1993). Parenting style as context : An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.	PELAEZ, M., FIELD, T., PICKENS, J.N. & HART, S. (2008). Disengaged and authoritarian parenting behavior of depressed mothers with their toddlers. Infant Behavior & Development, 31, 145-148. [PDF]
	PAULSON, S.E. (1994). Relations of parenting style and parental involvement with ninth-Grade students' achievement. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 250-267.	KESHAVARZ, S. & BAHARUDIN, R. (2009). Parenting style in a collectivist culture of Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10 (1), 66-73. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Parent

Parent (Tolérance) :

	BRESTAN, E.V., EYBERG, S.M., ALGINA, J., JOHNSON, S.B. & BOGGS, S.R. (2003). How annoying is it ? Defining parental tolerance for child misbehavior. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 25, 1-15. [PDF]
	WRIGHT, A.W., PARENT, J., FOREHARD, R., EDWARDS, M.C., CONNERS-BURROW, N.A. & LONG, N. (2013). The relation of parent and child gender to parental tolerance of child disruptive behaviors. Journal of Child & Family Studie, 2 (6), 779-785.
		Voir aussi Tolérance et Parent

Parent adoptif : Tout individu qui joue le rôle de parent auprès d'un enfant adopté. = substitut parental.
 

	Voir aussi Parent et Enfant adopté

Parent autoritaire : Parent qui use de son autorité en punissant - parfois physiquement - davantage qu'il ne récompense/renforce le comportement de ses enfants. Authoritarian parent.

	ADAMS, P.L., APONTE, J.F. & SCHWAB, J.J. (1965). Authoritarian parents and disturbed children. American Journal of Psychology, 121, 1162-1167.
	STEINBERG, L., ELMEN, J.D. & MOUNTS, NS. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1424-1436.
	STEINBERG, L., LAMBORN, S.D., DORNBUSCH, S.N. & DARLING, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement : Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63, 1266-1281.
	CHEN, X., DONG, Q. & ZHOU, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 855-873.
		Voir aussi Autorité, Parent et Punir

Parent biologique : Géniteur qui s'occupe ou non de ses enfants, au sein d'une famille ou non.

	LYKKEN, D.T. (1995). Want to have a baby ? Not until you get your license ! Law & Politics, 17-19.
		Voir aussi Parent et Géniteur

Parent séparé ou divorcé : Voir Divorce ou Famille monoparenale.

Parent habile : Voir Habileté parentale.

Parent homosexuel : Géniteur homosexuel, seul ou en couple, qui s'occupe du développement et de l'éducation de ses enfants. Lesbian or gay parent.

	GOLOMBOK, S., SPENCER, A. & RUTTER, M. (1983). Children in lesbian and single parent households : Psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 24 (4), 551-572.	WAINRIGHT, J.L. & PATTERSON, C.J. (2006). Delinquency, victimization, and substance use among adolescents with female same-sex parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 526–530.
	PATTERSON, C.J. (1992). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Child Development, 63, 1025-1042.	PATTERSON, C.J. (2006). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15 (5), 241-244. [PDF]
	JULIEN, D., DUBÉ, M. et GAGNON, I. (1994). Le développement des enfants de parents homosexuels comparé au développement des enfants de parents hétérosexuels. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 15, 135-153.	TELINGATOR, C. & PATTERSON, C.J. (2008). Children and adolescents of lesbian and gay parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1364-1368.
	PATTERSON, C.J. (1995). Families of the lesbian baby boom : Parents' division of labor and children's adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 31, 115 - 123.	PALLOTTA-CHIAROLLI, M. (2006). Polyparents having children, raising children, schooling children. Lesbian & Gay Psychology Review, 7, 48-53.
	CHAN, R.W., BROOKS, R. C., RABOY, B. & PATTERSON, C.J. (1998). Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parents : Associations with children's adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 402-419.	RIGGS, D.W. (2007). Becoming parent : Lesbians, gay men, and family. QLD : Post Pressed.
	PARKS, C.A. (1998). Lesbian parenthood : A review of the literature. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 376-389.	FAIRLOUGH, A. (2008). Growing up with a lesbian or gay parent : Young people's perspectives. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16 (5), 521-528.
	FITZGERALD, B. (1999). Children of lesbian and gay parents : A review of the literature. Marriage & Family Review, 29 (1), 57-75.	PATTERSON, C.J. (2009). Children of lesbian and gay parents : Psychology, law, and policy. American Psychologist, 64, 727-736.
	CLARKE, V. (2000). Stereotype, attack and stigmatize those who disagree : Employing scientific rhetoric in debates about lesbian and gay parenting. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 152-159.	PATTERSON, C.J. (2009). Lesbian and gay parents and their children : A social science perspective. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay and bisexual identities : The Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 54, pp. 141-182). New York : Springer.
	CLARKE, V. (2000). Lesbian mothers : Sameness and difference. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 273-278.	GOLDBERG, A.E. (2010). Lesbian and gay parents and their children : Research on the family life cycle. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
	RAY, V. & GREGORY, R. (2001). School experiences of the children of lesbian and gay parents. Family Matters, 59 (7), 28-34. [PDF]	PATTERSON, C.J. & RISKIND, R.G. (2010). To be a parent : Issues in family formation among gay and lesbian adults. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6, 326-340.
	CLARKE, V. (2001). What about the children ? Arguments against lesbian and gay parenting. Women's Studies International Forum, 24, 555-570.
	ANDERSSEN, N., AMLIE, C. & YTTER, E.A. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43 (4), 335-351.	FARR, R.H., FORSSELL, S.L. & PATTERSON, C.J. (2010). Lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adoptive parents : Couple and relationship issues. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6, 199-213.
	CLARKE, V. (2002). Sameness and difference in research on lesbian parenting. Journal of Community & Applied Psychology, 12, 210-222.
	PATTERSON, C.J., FULCHER, M. & WAINRIGHT, J.L. (2002). Children of lesbian and gay parents : Research, law, and policy. In B.L. Bottoms, M.B. Kovera, & B.D. McAuliff (Eds.), Children, social science and the law (pp. 176–199). New York : Cambridge University Press.	TORNELLO, S.L., FARR, R.H. & PATTERSON, C.J. (2011). Predictors of parenting stress among gay fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 591-600.
	WAINRIGHT, J.L., RUSSELL, S.T. & PATTERSON, C.J (2004). Psychosocial adjustment and school outcomes of adolescents with same-sex parents. Child Development, 75, 1886-1898.	PATTERSON, C.J. (2013). Family lives of lesbian and gay adults. In G.W. Peterson & K.R Bush (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and family (pp. 659–681). New York, NY : Springer.
	CLARKE, V., KITZINGER, C. & POTTER, J. (2004). Kids are just cruel anyway : Lesbian and gay parents' talk about homophobic bullying. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43 (4), 531-550. [PDF]	PATTERSON, C.J. & GOLDBERG, A.E. (2016). Lesbian and gay parents and their children. Policy Brief, 1 (1), 1-4. [PDF]
	Voir aussi Homosexualité, Parent et Famille homosexuelle

Parent et professeur-enseignant (Relation) : Relation entre un parent et les enseignants/professeurs de ses enfants. = relation école-famille. Parent-teacher partnership.

	GALINSKY, E. (1988). Parents and teacher-caregivers : Sources of tension, sources of support. Young Children, 43 (3), 4-12.	FRENCH, M.K. (1996). Connecting teachers and families : Using the family as the lab. Journal of Teacher Education, 47 (5), 335-346.
	GREENBERG, P. (1989). Ideas that work with young children. Parents as partners in young children's development and education. A new American fad : Why does it matter ? Young Children, 44 (4), 61-75.	HENRY, M.E. (1996). Parent-school collaboration. Feminist organizational structures and school leadership. Albany : State University of New York.
	EPSTEIN, J.L. (1989). Building parent-teacher partnerships in inner city schools. Family Resource Coalition Report, 2, 7.	DE ACOSTA, M. (1996). A foundational approach to preparing teachers for family and community involvement in children's education. Journal of Teacher Education, 47 (1), 9-15.
	GALINSKY, E. (1990). Why are some parent teacher partner ships clouded with difficulties ? Young Children, 45 (5), 38- 39.	KOERNER, J. & HULSELBOSCH, P. (1996). Preparing teachers to work with children of gay and lesbian parents. Journal of Teacher Education, 47 (5), 347-354.
	GREENWODD G.E. & HIKCMAN, C.W. (1991). Research and practice in parent involvement : Implications for teacher education. Elementary School Journal, 91 (3), 280-288.	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V. & SANDLER, H.M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children's education? Review of Educational Research, 67 (1), 3-42.
	COMER, J.P. & HAYNES, N.M. (1991). Parent involvement in schools : An ecological approach. Elementary School Journal, 91 (3), 271-277.	STURM, C. (1997). Creating parent-teacher dialogue : Intercultural communication in child care. Young Children, 52 (5), 34-38.
	HOOVER-DEMPSEY, K.V., BASSLER, O.C. & BRISSIE, J.S. (1992). Explorations in parent-school relations. Journal of Educational Research, 85, 287-294.	RICH, D. (1998). What parents want from teachers. Educational Leadership, 55 (8), 37-39.
	MORRIS V. G., TAYLOR, S.I., KNIGHT, J. & WASSON, R. (1996). Preparing teachers to reach out to families and communities. Action in Teacher Education, 18 (1), 10-22.	BURKE, R. (1999). Diverse family structures : Implications for p-3 teachers. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 20 (3), 245-251.
		JEYNES, W.H. (2003). A meta-analysis : The effects of parental involvement on minority children's academic achievement. Education & Urban Society, 35, 202-218.
		JEYNES, W.H. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school children's academic achievement. Urban Education, 40, 237-269. [PDF]
		JEYNES, W.H. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement : A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 42, 82-110.
	Voir aussi Parent, Implication parentale, Enseignant et Enfant

Parent seul : Voir Famille monoparentale.

Parent thérapeute : Parent formé par un thérapeute pour encadrer plus efficacement ses enfants ou réaliser certaines parties d'un plan de traitement. Souvent utilisé avec les parents d'autiste, d'enfant handicapé physiquement ou intellectuelement déficient. Parents as therapist, parent training.

	HAWKINS, R.P., PETERSON, R.F., SCHWEID, E. & BIJOU, S.W. (1966). Behavior therapy in the home : amelioration of problem parent-child relations with the parent in a therapeutic role. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 4 (1), 99-107.	LASKI, K.E. CHARLOP, M.H. & SCHREIBMAN, L. (1988). Training parents to use the Natural Language Paradigm to increase their autistic children’s speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21 (4), 391-400. [PDF]
	ZEILBERGER, J., SAMPEN, S.E. & SLOANE, H.N. (1968). Modification of a child's problem behaviors in the home with the mother as therapist. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1 (1), 47-53. [PDF]	COOPER, L.J., WACKER, D.P., SASSO, G.M. & DONN, L.K. (1990). Using parents as therapists to evaluate appropriate behavior of their children : application to a tertiary diagnostic clinic. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23 (3), 285-296. [PDF]
	SCHOPLER, E. & REICHLER, R.J. (1971). Parents as cotherapists in the treatment of psychotic children. Journal of Autism & Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 87–102.
	HERBERT, E.W. & BAER, D.M. (1972). Training parents as behavior modifiers : self-recording of contingent attention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9 (3), 139-149. [PDF]	POWERS, L.E., SINGER, G.H., STEVENS, T. & SOWERS, J.-A. (1992). Behavioral parent training in home and community generalization settings. Education & Training in Mental Retardation, 27 (1), 13-27.
	O'DELL, S. (1974). Training parents in behavior modification : A review. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 418-433.
	MILLER, S.J. & SLOANE, H.N. (1976). The generalization efects of parent training across stimulus setings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9 (3), 355-370. [PDF]	RINGDAHL, J.E. & SELLERS, J.A. (2000). The effects of different adults as therapists during functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 33 (2), 247-250. [PDF]
	KELLEY, M.L., EMBRY, L.H. & BAER, D.M. (1979). Skils for child management and family support : Training parents for maintenance. Behavior Modification, 3, 373-396.	MARCUS, B.A., SWANSON, V. & VOLLMER, T.R. (2001). Effects of parent training on parent and child behavior using procedures based on functional analysis. Behavioral Interventions, 16, 87-104.
	EYBERG, S.M. & MATARZZO, R.G. (1980). Training parents as therapists : A comparison between individual parent-child interaction training and parent group didactic training. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 492-499.	KUHN, S.A.C., LERMAN, D.C. & VORNDRAN, C.M. (2003). Pyramidal training for families of children with problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36 (1), 77-88. [PDF]
	SANDERS, M.R. & GLYNN, T. (1981). Training parents in behavioral self-management : An analysis of generalization and management. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14(3), 223-237. [PDF]
	ADUBATO, S.A., ADAMS, M.K. & BUDD, K.S. (1981). Teaching a parent to train a spouse in child ma agement techniques. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14 (2), 193-205. [PDF]	BAGNER, D. & EYBERG, S.M. (2003). Father involvement in parent training : When does it matter ? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 599-605. [PDF]
	ROLIDER, A. & VAN HOUTEN, R. (1984). Training parents to use extinction to eliminate night-time crying by gradually increasing the criteria for ignoring crying. Education & Treatment of Children, 7, 110-124.	GALE, G.M., EIKESETH, S.J. & RUDRUD, E. (2011). Functional assessment and behavioural intervention for eating difficulties in children with autism : a study conducted in the natural environment using parents and ABA tutors as therapists. Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41 (10), 1383-1396. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Thérapeute et Parent

Parent violent : Voir Violence familiale.

Parent
André Parent	Les parents
Jack M. Parent

Parent André (Montréal 1944-) : Biologiste québécois et historien des sciences, spécialisé dans l'étude de l'anatomie du cerveau, notamment des ganglions de la base. Il enseigne à l'Université Laval.

	PARENT, A. (1986). Comparative neurobiology of the basal ganglia. New York : John Wiley.
	BÉDARD, A. & PARENT, A. (2004). Evidence of newly generated neurons in the human olfactory bulb. Developmental Brain Research, 151, 159-168.
	PARENT, A. (2005). Duchenne de Boulogne : A pioneer in neurology and medical photography. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 32, 369-377.
	PARENT, A. (2007). Félix Vicq d'Azyr : anatomy, medecine and revolution. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 34, 30-37. [PDF]
	PARENT, A. (2009). Histoire du cerveau : De l'antiquité aux neurosciences. Laval : Les presses de l'Université Laval.

Parent Jack M. ( ) : Neurobiologiste américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la neurogénèse.

	PARENT, J.M., VEXLER, Z.S., GONG, C., DERUGIN, N. & FERRIERO, D.M. (2002). Rat forebrain neurogenesis and striatal neuron replacement after focal stroke. Annals of Neurology, 52, 802-813.
	PARENT, J.M., VON DEM BUSSCHE, N. & LOWENSTEIN, D.H. (2002). Seizure-induced neurogenesis : are more new neurons good for an adult brain ? Progress in Brain Research, 135, 121-1321.
	PARENT, J.M. (2003). Injury-induced neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Neuroscientist, 9, 261-272.
	PARENT, J.M., VON DEM BUSSCHE, N. & LOWENSTEIN, D.H. (2006). Prolonged seizures recruit caudal subventricular zone glial progenitors into the injured hippocampus. Hippocampus, 16, 321-328.
	PARENT, J.M. (2007). Adult neurogenesis in the intact and epileptic dentate gyrus. Progress in Brain Research, 163, 529-540.

Parentalité (des espèces) : Relation phylogénétique plus ou moins étroite entre les espèces. EX : Bonobo et chimpanzé ont une forte parentalité.
 

Parenté (des individus) : Le terme a deux acceptions très voisines : a) En psychologie, relation ontogénétique plus ou moins étroite entre les individus d'une même famille, d'un même groupe. L'attachement est le principal déterminant de la parenté sociale. Parenté, développement et attachement. b) En biologie et en primatologie, relation phylogénétique plus ou moins étroite entre les membres d'une même espèce, d'un même groupe, d'une même famille. Lorsque cette relation est très étroite, on utilise le mot consanguinité. = lien de sang. Kinship.

	a
	b
	PLATEK, S.M., CRITTON, S.R., BURCH, R. L., FREDERICK, D.A., MYERS, T.E. & GALLUP, G.G. (2003). How much paternal resemblance is enough ? Sex differences in hypothetical investment decisions but not in the detection of resemblance. Evolution & Human Behavior, 24, 81-87.

Parentèle : Ensemble d'individus qui ont un lien de parenté. Parentèle et reconnaissances des membres de la parentèle. Kin.

	SILK, J.B. (2002). Kin selection in primate groups. International Journal of Primatology, 23, 849-875.
	WEISFELD, G.E., CZILLI, T., PHILLIPS, K.A., GALL, J.A. & LICHTMAN, C.M. (2003). Possible olfaction-based mechanisms in human kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85, 279-295.